Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is life
A
Self generating system capable of evolution with constant sruggle against eq
2
Q
What maintains eq
A
Catalysts
3
Q
What doe catalysts or enzymes do
A
Form diff pathways for the reaction to occur
4
Q
What are biocatalysts
A
They are catlysts or know as enzymes that can
- create new reactions
- couple individual reactions
- goes towards eq
5
Q
Where are enzymes coded
A
Coded in the blueprint of dna
6
Q
What allows rna to form on its own
A
Rna has many secondary bonds woth a negative charge on its phosphate backbone and nonpolar polar ends which allow diff foldings and diff reaction of enzymes
7
Q
What is a nucleic acid
A
A polynucleotide binded with phosphodieater bonds that stores genetic material
8
Q
Difference between nucleoside and nucleotide
A
Nucleoside dont have an phosphate backbone
9
Q
Which bases have deamination
A
Purine bases which are adenine and guanine and cytosine
10
Q
What is the amino oxo form of
1adenine
2guanine
3cytosine
A
- hypoxixanthane
- xanthaine
- uracil
11
Q
What nond is the base and pentose
A
N glycosidic bond
12
Q
Ribose foriming into deoxyribose is called and what is the consequesnces
A
Reduction and this affects the 3d direction
13
Q
What is an ester bond
A
Bonded between pentose and phosphate and doesnt have an high macroenergic energy
14
Q
What is andhydride bond
A
Bond between 3 phosphates that have high energy and is spontaneous when hydrolyesed to used the atp
15
Q
Primary and secondary structures
A
Primary-5’posphate binded with 3’oh
Secondary-base pairing and different h bonds causing variability
16
Q
Advantage of base pairing
A
Rna is easier to read
17
Q
MItochondrial dna properites
A
Circular dna No histones No intron 5-10bp Bacterial theory 13protein coding gene 22 trna 2rrna 13mrna Polycistronic gene Wobbling gene No cap yes poly a
18
Q
Reason for diversity
A
Junk dna
19
Q
Structure of gene
A
20
Q
Function of cg box
A
Methlation this regulationg gene
21
Q
Does tat contain in every gene
A
No
22
Q
Splice sute of exons are
A
Denucleated sequeences that Re recognized by splisosome
23
Q
Intron properties
A
- Alternative splicing for the diveraity
- Protection from mutation
- Regulation
24
Q
Enhancers and silencers are different from promotors by
A
They only regulate transcription not initiate
25
Indirect ways for forming pseudogwnes
Reverse transcription
26
Example of pseudogene
L gluconolactone oxidase
27
Finction of transposomes
Spontaneous mutation
28
Functions of pseudogenes
1. dufferent translations thus diff function
2. Dowregulated genes
3. Dna mediated binded and turned on or off
29
Enzymes of retrotransposomes
1. rna polymerase
2. reverae transcriptase
3. Intergrase
30
Jumping genes or transposome function
1. Antibody variabiltiy
2.evolution
Disadevantage will be diseases
31
Line and sine formation
Line has 2 orf which code for
1.orf is for p40
2 orf is for endonucleasea and rt
Sine will use line enzumes
32
Function of line and sine
1. formation of own protein
| 2. self multiplication
33
Ltr are made from and function
```
Retroviruses encoded into dna
The function was to encode virus but now it is for
1.chromatin remodeling _protoonkogenes
2. Enhancers
3. Autoimmunity _ multiple sclerosis
```
34
Tandem repeats are formed due to
Failure of dna polymerase
35
Tyoes of tandem repeats in non coding region and coding region
1. Mini (1-9bp)
2. micro (10-100bp)
3. macro(100 more)
Coding region it ahould not overcome the threshold of dises or there will be a disease like huntington,ataxin3, cag repeat
36
Enzymes used for dna replication in prokaryotes
Synthesis
3'-5' exonuclease
5'-3' exonuclease
Dna polynerase 1.2.3
37
What is dna polymerases 1.2.3 functions
1. Repair and lagging strand with 1 polypepetide
2. Replication with several subunits
3. repair
38
Where is the tata box in prokaryotes located for replication
Oric
39
What molecules form the helicase function for prokaryotes during replication
Dna b and dna c
40
What molecules make up the primosome in prok
Hd proteins- keeps dna single stranded
N proteins
Primase -synthesises the rna primer
41
What makes up the replisome of the prok
Primosome
| Dna poly3
42
What are the enzymes taking place on the lagging strna dof prok
```
Primosome
Dna pol3
Dnapol1
Rna ase
Ligase
```
43
What are okazaki fragments
Fragments made by the 2 nucleotide that cant bind their phosphodiester bonds which are bonded by ligase
44
Why is dna pol3 not used for linking the okazaki frag
Beacsue it doesnt have an 5'exonuclease activity
45
What molecules are used when ligase is doing it job in euk and pro
Euk-atp
| Pro-nad
46
What is orc and when is it active
It is a hexomer that recognized the replication element on the dna which wont be active till s phase
47
What molecule activates orc and how
Cdk phosphorlyated orc which will inhibit the reinitiation to form more dna while one is already replicating
48
Subunits of euk dna pol
Alpha-synthesis of initiation segment and primase and alpha polymerase
Beta- repair
Gamma-mitochondrial pol
Delta- synthesis for lagging strand
Epsilon-synthesis for leading
49
Activation of pcna
Rfc activates pcna which allows a ring formation to recruit poly delta
50
Fen1 function
For proofreading
51
What is a Telemorase
It expands the 3 end of the dna strand which will be lost in dna replication but minimized during embryonic develpment
52
What is made to prevent sungle strnaded dna from a telomere and what are the enzymes
Shelterin complex -
Pot 1
Trf
Rap
53
Mutaion definition and classification
Damaged dna not corrected and encorporated if the population rate is less than 1 percent we call it mutaion
Classification - genome . Chromosomal . Gene
Or
Substitution - transition and transvertion
Insertion
Invertion
54
Types of dna damages 5diff
```
Tymine dimers
Alkylation
Intercalator
Loss of pruine base
Deamination
```
55
Types of repais 4 diff
Direct
Base wxcition
Nucleotide excition
Missmatch
56
Missmatch repair enzymes
```
Mut h
Muts2
Mut l2
Uvrd
Exonucleases
Dna polymerase for new dna and ligase
```
57
What other examples are for reverse transcriptaE
Telemorase
58
Charcateristics of transcription
1. Rna to dna without thymine to uracil but still h bonds
| 2. Grows or writes in 5 to 3 direction
59
Substrates used for transcription for pro
| (Rna polymerase) diff from dna polymerase
1. Ribonucleoside triphosphate
2.without primer
3 no proofreading
60
Unique characteristics of rna poly
1. Has always adenine on with triphospgates as initiation seg and unique active site
61
Prokaryotic transcroption unut and different subunits of rna pol
The 2 transciption unit (-35,-10)
Alpha -assembles
Beta and beta prime
Sigma - specifictiy on the major groove
62
What takes place when sigma dactor is gone after transcription initiation because it hinders
Nus A
63
What are the hairpin structures for the temination sequence for pro
Cg sequence
Loop
U rich following
64
3Charcteristics of promotor region
1. Both homologous of 6 nucleotides
2. The first transcribed unit is A
3. Ideal sequence for promotor
65
Euk rna polymerase types and why is type 2 used
1. large rrna
2. snrna and mrna most sensitive to alpha amanitin so it will stop at low amount thats why its used
3. small
66
Where does tf2b bind to on the euk gene
Bre element
67
What makes up the tf2d
Tbp and taf
68
What tf phosperlates the cdt(c terminal domain)
Tf2h
69
What comes after binding of transcription factor 2b
Pol 2 and 2f
70
Which tf remain of the rna and where
Tf2d and 2a on the tata box
71
What enzyme participates in 5caping
Rna terminal phosphatase and guanly transferase and 2 sam
72
What are splisosmes made of and where do they locate
```
On the denucliated splice sites
Made up of
U1- 5prime bind
U2-branch point
U5- 3prime bind
U2.u4- assembly
```
73
Mechanism of splisosome and where are the introns degraded
Uses alcholysis and oh3prime bind on to new strand through phosphodiesterase and introns are degraded in nuclease
74
Polyatail is made with which 3 protein
CPSF
CstF
PAB
75
2 types of promotors
Constitutive - regulated on weak and strong promotors
| Inducible -can be turned on and off by operons
76
What is an operon
Operon is a sequence that regulates in a promotir sequence
77
Lac operon
Lac operons are repressed with glucose but with lactose lac operon repressor is inactivated +
Activator is cap which helps the activator
78
Euk transcription regulations 2 ways
1. chromatin remodeling
| 2. Dna methlyation
79
What protien bind to the hostone actylt teansferase?
Gene activator protein
80
When does the histone kinase bind and what is the function?
Bind after the lysine are actylated which phosprlyaes h3 and recruits ft2d
81
What enzyme causes eukchromatin
Histone deactlyation HDAC
