Final Flashcards
(35 cards)
What does the mean tool do?
Gives the overall average of recorded values in the highlighted range
What is the difference between P-P and delta?
P-P: gives difference between lowest and highest points
delta: gives the difference between the Y values of the highlighted range
What causes the H wave? What causes the M wave?
The H wave: The hoffman reflex. The pulse is felt in the 1a afferent n, which is carried to the spinal cord
M wave: direct stimulation of alpha-motor n.
What are the components of the reflex studied in lab 2?
Muscle spindle, 1a afferent neuron, spinal cord, alpha motor neuron, quads
What are the components of the dive reflex?
-cold and wet is sensed
-vagus n. suppresses HR (bradycardia)
-increase SNS activity –> vasoconstriction
What are the components of the CV baroreceptor reflex upon standing?
-baroreceptors in carotid sinus or aortic arch sense BP decrease
-response in integrated in the brain
-norephinephrine is released as a result
-SV, HR, and CO increase. Vasocontriction occurs
-BP is restored
which hormone is parasympathetic? Ach or Norephinephrine
Ach
Which neuron has a greater diameter? 1a afferent of alpha motor?
The 1a afferent neuron
Which wave abolishes at high voltage? which wave increases with voltage? (H or M wave)
H wave: decreases as voltage increases
-antidromic activity gets to big, starts to cause extra refractory periods within the spinal nerves, and decreases voltage
M wave: increase as voltage increases
What happens to the M wave as you increase frequency? How about H wave?
M wave: No effect (doesn’t go to Renshaw cells)
H wave: gradually decreases with increased frequency due to activation of the Renshaw cells, and hyperpolarization of the spinal cells
At what time does the nystagmus fast phase go with the direction of motion? At what time does it go against?
Goes with the direction of motion on the acceleration. Goes against it on the slow down due to the inertia of the endolymph
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
When there is an increase in the stretch of smooth m. tissue in the lungs, there will be an inhibitory response from inspiratory n.s. Visa versa if decrease in observed.
What is the difference between hyperpnea, hyperemia, and hypercapnia, and what are they caused by?
Hyperpnea: increase in ventilation matching an increase in metabolic activity, such as exercise
Hyperemia: increased blood flow to a portion of the body (reactive and active types)
hypercapnia: excess [pCO2] in the blood stream. Causes a decrease in pH
Where are the central chemoreceptors? how about the peripheral chemoreceptors? How about the stretch receptors? (for respiratory system)
Central = medulla oblongata
peripheral = aortic arch/ carotid body
stretch= lung parenchyma
Which local metabolites can cause an increase in blood flow to a given body region?
CO2
Which of the following is a difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle?
only cardiac muscle have intercalated disks
Which is NOT responsible for keeping the alveoli from collapsing?
pleural pressure
What is the difference between Delta and P-P?
P-P incorporates the highest and lowest values in the selected area, Delta does not
What causes volume change in a. versus v.?
a: increased SV, CO, HR or arterial resistance
v: decrease in HR, changing in body position
What is the hydrostatic reflex that keeps BP at normal levels?
BP drops -> baroreceptors detect -> medulla increases firing rate -> HR increases -> BP increases
What does norepinephrine do when it binds to alpha-adrenergic receptors in v.? how about a.?
Both experience vasoconstriction
a: increases resistance and decreases venous flow
v: increases pressure and increases venous flow/return
What are the parasympathetic effects on the heart (3)? What is the neurotransmitter for it?
decrease HR, Decrease in CO, decrease in BP. Ach is the hormone
What is epinephrine a ligand of (receptor)?
What is epinephrine a ligand of (receptor)?
What is the Frank-Starling Law of the heart?
the more the heart is filled during diastole, the harder it will contract during systole
