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1
Q

What is the difference between observational and controlled experiments?

A

Observational takes advantage of natural variation in the independent variable.
Controlled is where the experimenter changes the values of treatments.

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2
Q

In an experiment where the scientists controlled the amount of heat applied to a liquid and measured the time it takes to evaporate 1000mL, which is the independent variable?

A

Amount of heat applied

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3
Q

The atomic number of an element is:

A

the number of protons

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4
Q

In an aqueous salt solution, salt is described as the:

A

Solute

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5
Q

Which of the following is hydrophobic?
A)cholesterol
B)starch
C)DNA
D)sucrose

A

A) Cholesterol

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6
Q

Which of the following represents a protein’s secondary structure?
A)Helices
B)Sequence pf amino acids
C)three-dimensional shape
D)association of polypeptides

A

A) Helices

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7
Q

Which of the following is a protein?
A)ATP synthase
B)Cholesterol
C)DNA
D)Lactose

A

A) ATP synthase

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8
Q

Photosynthesis takes place in which organelle?

A

Chloroplasts

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9
Q

Which of the following organelles does not have a membrane?
A)central vacuole
B)microfilament
C)Endoplasmic reticulum
D)Lysosome

A

B) Microfilament

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10
Q

The Na-K pump is an example of:
Facilitated diffusion
Passive diffusion
Active Transport
High blood pressure

A

Active Transport

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11
Q

What best describes an anabolic chemical reaction that requires added energy from ATP to occur?
Exergonic
Entropy
Endergonic
Spontaneous

A

Endergonic

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12
Q

Explain how a covalent bond is different from an ionic bond.

A

Covalent bonds occur between atoms that share a pair of valence electrons. Ionic bonds are attractions between anions & cations.

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13
Q

Explain what it is about carbon that allows it to make long chains while other elements don’t.

A

Carbon has four valence electrons so it can make 4 nonpolar covalent bonds. Other common elements in biological systems have more valence electrons and make fewer bonds.

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14
Q

Explain at least two ways that RNA is different than DNA.

A

RNA has A,C,G, and U as its four nucleotides whereas DNA has A, C, G, and T.
RNA is typically single-stranded, whereas DNA is double-stranded

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15
Q

Describe the differences that distinguish prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

A

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.
Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.

A

The plasma membrane, is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

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17
Q

Describe what enzymes are and what they do.

A

enzymes are proteins that serve as biological catalysts. They speed up specific chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

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18
Q

Provide a brief explanation of the Endosymbiosis Theory.

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells originated from symbiotic prokaryotes

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19
Q

Name the organelles of cytoplasm and summarize their functions.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum: functions in cell membrane synthesis and production of proteins and other molecules to be secreted from the cell.

Golgi apparatus: receives vesicles from the ER, the contents of which are further chemically processed, then it sends vesicles to their targets.

mitochondrion: sites of most ATP production

Chloroplast: where photosynthesis takes place

Vacuole: larger membrane-bound spaces separate from the cytosol

Lysosomes: digest the contents of other membrane-bound organelles.

Vesicles: transport substances around the cell.

Ribosomes: synthesizes proteins as directed by RNA

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20
Q

Define exergonic and endergonic and explain what it means that ATP serves as an energy coupling agent.

A

Exergonic reactions are chemical reactions that release free energy. Endergonic reactions are chemical reactions that require the addition of free energy to proceed.

The energy released from exergonic reactions can power endergonic reactions. ATP is a molecule in living systems that couples those two processes. The free energy from an exergonic reaction can be used to attach a phosphate group to a molecule of ADP, making an ATP. That molecule of ATP can release the energy stored in its phosphate bond to fuel an endergonic reaction.

Any exergonic reaction can be used to make a new ATP - provided an enzyme can mediate the reaction. And any ATP molecule can be used to power an endergonic reaction as long as an enzyme does it. ATP is the universal adaptor between various energy molecules and work done in cells.

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21
Q

Describe the structure of gap junctions. Where are they found, what are they made of?

A

Gap junctions are composed of integral membrane proteins called connexins, 6 of which are arranged in a ring to form a hemichannel. Clusters of hemichannels in the membrane of one cell are aligned with the hemichannels of an adjacent cell for gap junctions.

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22
Q

Which of the following takes place in the mitochondria?
Citric Acid Cycle
fermentation
glycolysis
photosynthesis

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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23
Q

What is segregated during mitosis?

A

sister chromatids

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24
Q

what is segregated during Meiosis 1?

A

Homologs

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25
Which occurs in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Electron transport chain citric acid cycle signal transduction
Electron transport chain
26
Which of the following is not a product of photosynthesis? O2 C6H12O6 CO2 glucose
CO2
27
Where is chlorophyll found?
photosystems
28
What is epistasis?
a trait is controlled by multiple genes
29
Which is the cellular process that explains Mendel's laws
Meiosis
30
Two genes that are close to each other on the same chromosome...
are linked
31
What is an example of reception?
ligand binds membrane proteins
32
DNA is replicated during:
S phase
33
How much ATP is produced per glucose molecule during aerobic respiration? How many are produced under anaerobic conditions?
Aerobic: 30-32 atp per glucose Anaerobic 2-4 atp per glucose
34
summarize the reactants, products, and source of energy for photosynthesis
Co2+H20 -> glucose / G3P +O2
35
Describe how chromosomes are arranged differently in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have multiple, linear chromosomes in a membrane-bound nucleus Prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome
36
Pea plants can reproduce by self-fertilization, one plant produces seeds for new plants. is this asexual or sexual preproduction? How do you know?
This is sexual reproduction because it involves fertilization, there are gametes produced by meiosis.
37
When Mendel crossed true-breeding pea plants with green seeds with those having yellow seeds, all the F1s were yellow. Explain why.
The true-breeding parents were each homozygous for the yellow and green alleles. All the F1s were heterozygous (one yellow allele, one green allele), and yellow is dominant
38
Explain the role of sex chromosomes in humans
sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism, whether it will develop ovaries to make eggs or testes to make sperm, or both. In humans two x chromosomes result in female while XY results in male
39
ATP Synthase
powered by H+ pump
40
Pyruvate
product of glycolysis, citric acid cycle
41
Rubisco
enzyme of carbon fixation
42
CAM PLANT
solves photorespiration
43
Kinase
phosphorylates protein
44
Ligand
binds to receptor
45
Kinetochore
spindle attachments at centromere
46
Diploid
two sets of chromosomes
47
Haploid
gamete
48
Dominant
phenotype of the heterozygote
49
recessive
expressed only as homozygote
50
pleiotropy
one gene, multiple traits
51
SRY
results in testies
52
crossing-over
aster formation
53
hemizygous
human male X genotype
54
connexin
part of a hemichannel
55
Antiparallel
DNA strands run in opposite directions
56
semiconservative
original dna strand serves as a template for the new strand
57
helicase
separates DNA strands at the replication fork
58
Codon
3 nucleotides or mrna coding part of primary transcript
59
anticodon
part of trna
60
intron
removed from primary transcript
61
missense mutation
change in amino acid
62
exon
coding part of primary transcript
63
operator
binds the repressor at the promoter
64
inducible operon
off unless it needs to be on
65
oncogene
results in too much cell division
66
Activator
binds to enhancer
67
tumor-suppressor gene
stops cell division
68
TAQ
DNA polymerase
69
restriction endonuclease
cuts ds DNA
70
histone
chromatin protein that dna wraps around
71
In an experiment by Hershey and chase, they did two different treatments, one with phage grown with radioactive sulfur and one with radioactive phosphorus, explain why these two elements were used.
Sulfur is found in proteins but not nucleic acids, and phosphorous is part of nucleic acids but not proteins. There could be used to separately track the protein capsid and nucleic acid genomes of the phages in the experiment
72
Which of the following is the correct complementary base-pairing? guanine:cytosine guanine:guanine guanine:thymene guanine:uracil
Guanine:Cytosine
73
Which is not involved with the leading strand? DNA POL 3 Okazaki fragment primer single-stranded binding protein
Okazaki fragment
74
Which of the following is not involved in the process of transcription? DNA Ribosome RNA polymerase mRNA
Ribosome
75
Which is not involved in the process of translation? Ribosome mrna trna RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
76
Which of the following is not an example of mRNA processing poly-A tail Tata Box 5' cap exon splicing
Tata box
77
Which of the following is complementary to 5'-ATG GTG-3' 5'-CAC CAT-3' 3'-GTG GTA-5' 3'-GCA ACA-5' 5'-AUG GUG-3'
5'-CAC CAT-3'
78
The trp operon is_____, which means it is________
repressible, on unless turned off
79
What is the role of a proto-oncogene?
stimulate cell division
80
which is located furthest upstream of a gene? enhancer intron TATA box promoter
Enhancer
81
A prion is what type of biological molecule?
protein
82
Which best describes reverse transcription? protein to RNA RNA to protein RNA to DNA DNA to RNA
RNA to DNA
83
Which of the following produces "sticky ends"? DNA Ligase PCR Restriction enzyme sanger sequencing
restriction enzyme
84
What is a gene? Explain what a gene is made of, what it does, and how it does it.
A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that code for a specific polypeptide. Polypeptides are used in proteins that are enzymes, structural elements, etc., of cells. Genotypes are DNA, and proteins result in phenotypes
85
What is the central dogma of biology?
The information in double-stranded DNA is transcribed into single-stranded RNA, which is translated into polypeptides/proteins
86
explain the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation
a point mutation is a substitution of one nucleotide for another. for example A for a G. If this mutation occurs within the coding region of a gene, it would change a single codon and potentially change the resulting protein a frameshift mutation results from an insertion or deletion of a nucleotide. not only does this change the codon where the mutation occurs but all the codons downstream will be changed because of the shift in the codon reading frame
87
Explain what transcription factors are and what they do
Transcription factors bind at the promoter immediately upstream of the gene to get to a rna polymerase situated. Specific transcription factors have binding sites far upstream in the enhancer region. together they determine whether a specific gene will be expressed in a specific cell
88
describe a way that viruses are known to violate the central dogma
two ways that viruses violate the central dogma are whereas living cells have a genome of double-stranded dnd, viruses can have genomes of dna or rna, and it can be single or double stranded many rna viruses are capable of reverse transcription, making dna from an rna template
89
explain the difference between mutations and epimutations
mutation s are changes to the genome that lead to changes in phenotype. Specifically traditional mutations refer to changes in the nucleic acid sequence of a coding region or even changes in binding sites for transcription factors, that results in changes in gene expression and phenotype epimutations specifically refer to changes in other components of chromatin structure that result in changes in gene expression, such as methylation of dna or histones or changes in how the dna is made in accessible by being condensed around histones. the dna nucleotide sequences remains unchanged, but phenotype is affected by changes to gene expression
90
valence shell
shareable electrons
91
proton
located in an atomic nucleus
92
isomer
same formula, different structure
93
hydrophilic
repels water
94
hydrophilic
dissolves in water
95
dehydration reaction
binds monomers
96
hydrolysis
separates monomers
97
nucleic acid
dna
98
Amino acid
monomer of a polypeptide
99
nuclear envelope
double membrane
100
ribosome
site of protein synthesis
101
hydrogen bond
attraction of partial charges
102
microtubule
cytoskeleton
103
vesicle
travels from ER to golgi
104
hypotonic
less concentrated
105
hypertonic
more concentrated
106
Explain the difference between an observational experiment and a controlled experiment
The observational experiment takes advantage of a natural variation in the independent variable, whereas in controlled experiments, the experimenter manipulates the values of the treatments of the independent variable. Controlled experiment is when the experimenter manipulates the values of the treatments of the independent variable
107
Structure of Nucleic acids
5 carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base: purines, pyrimidines
108
Griffith 1928 experiment
Discovered that dead S strain of pneumonia could transform live R strain and have it cause disease
109
Chargaff 1950
Isolated DNA and hydrolyzed nucleotides apart and showed that composition is different among organisms - A &T and C&G are in same proportion
110
Hershey and Chase 1952
Demonstrated that bacteriophages pass on DNA, not proteins, into bacteria by radioactively marking DNA
111
Watson, Crick, and Franklin 1952
Franklin used X-Ray crystallography showed double helix and watson and crick made 3d model of DNA
112
Origin of replication
where strands separate to allow replication
113
replication fork
at each end of bubble, expands away from origin
114
Helicase
unzips strand at each fork ahead of it
115
single-stranded binding proteins
keeps strands apart
116
topoisomerase
stabilizes DNA as fork approaches
117
DNA Polymerase 3
Enzyme that reads the template strand and adds nucleotides to 3' end, elongation on 5' to 3' direction
118
Primase
makes RNA primer for DNA pol 3
119
DNA Pol 1
replaces Rna primer with dna
120
DNA ligase
bonds two okazaki fragments together
121
Chromosome structure of prokaryotes
single circular chromosome
122
chromosome structure of eukaryotes
multiple linear chromosomes

Biology Final (1 decks)

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