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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the 4th of July represent to Douglas’ Audience?

A

He is suggesting he is the same body-politic but he does not subscribe to the Nation or government as it is. The 4th of July does not represent black people’s freedom.

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2
Q

What does Douglas say are the fruits of the founding fathers’ success?

A

The fruits of their success are the preamble which is the contract and Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

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3
Q

What is Douglas arguing?

A

He is saying that black people have nothing to celebrate on the Fourth of July and when others have these celebrations they think back to their ancestors who were enslaved during the founding

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4
Q

When does Douglas think revolutions are warranted?

A

He thinks revolutions are warranted when there are things to be fought for. Not only for changes to be made, but especially when things have been guaranteed and are not being followed through with.

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5
Q

What are Social Ends?

A

Social ends are goals that come from government. Racial equality, life, liberty, pursuit of happiness, general welfare, common defense, etc.

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6
Q

How are social ends guaranteed in the Declaration of Independence?

A

As citizens we are granted safety, happiness, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness in exchange for consent to government and obedience therein (Social Contract)

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7
Q

Do welfare and liberty ever conflict?

A

Yes, liberty can be hindered to protect welfare interests. Banned books, Gun control, patriot act, etc.

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8
Q

What is the Harm Principle according to the Mills?

A

The harm principle states that if the government forces to do something against their will it must be to prevent harm.

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9
Q

What is the tyranny of the majority?

A

When the prevailing opinion and feeling infringes on rights of others. Refers to things other than governmental penalties. Think woke and cancel culture.

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10
Q

What do the Mills think about harm to self?

A

The Mills say harm to oneself is justified until these actions harm others. If these actions start harming others, the government can infringe on the liberty of the person doing the harm.

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11
Q

What do the Mills say about life plans and liberty?

A

A person is allowed to harm themselves because the things they value may be different than the person who is implementing the law. The government should let them do as they please in order to prevent complete control. There should be diversity and different opinions when it comes to lives. Liberty is not about control.

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12
Q

Moral v. Legal Reprobation

A

People are allowed to voice their opinion to others of why they think they are doing bad things, but they cannot restrain him from doing what he wants unless he is harming others.

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13
Q

What counts as harm to others?

A

A person cannot only directly harm themselves without also harming others due to the nature of human relationships and people not being solely single beings

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14
Q

What is paternalism?

A

Caring for people who are unwilling to care for themselves: The government telling others what is good for them without giving them a choice to do otherwise

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15
Q

What would Mills say about hate speech?

A

Mills gives two reasons for why all kinds of speech should be protected.
1. People will find out that the things being said are in fact truth
2. Or, the lies will force truth-seekers to have stronger arguments as to why they are right and the liars are wrong
He would say that hate speech should be protected in order to satisfy the second prong of his thoughts on free speech

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16
Q

What is the nature argument?

A

The nature argument is that there a differences in the sexes by nature dictating their roles in society

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17
Q

What is HTM’s response to the nature argument?

A

Her response to the nature argument is that she doesn’t not think that the role sexes play in society is a truth in nature, it is formed in societies

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18
Q

What is the women’s consent argument?

A

The women’s consent argument states that women willingly consent to be in a subservient role, HTM agrees with this, but has her reasons

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19
Q

What is HTM’s reasoning for the women’s consent argument?

A

HTM says that all of women’s education has led the to believe they deserve to be in the subservient role. This can be brainwashing, control, etc.

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20
Q

What is the fitness to political life argument?

A

This argument states that public and private life are two different realms. The are distinctions made by the government to form factions where subordinate people (women) are private and people who are in the public sphere have power and rights (men at the time)

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21
Q

What is HTM’s response to the fitness argument?

A

HTM says society should let competition decide who is best and suited for the public sphere

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22
Q

What is the test for pornography as subordination?

A

The pornography must display characters that are not equals. Relationships such as prisoner/guard, teacher/student, boss/worker, etc define subordinate relations.

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23
Q

What is the legal argument of the Ordinance?

A

Even if someone was not physically harmed in the making of pornography, the act of women being subordinate in porn is sexual discrimination and harms women; more than just women who are in porn (All women & people)

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24
Q

What is the harm claim in the Ordinance?

A

Porn that depicts people in subordinate relationships, tends to harm the people that are seen as subordinate in society

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25
What would Mill's harm principle tell us to do about the harm caused by porn?
Mill's Harm Principle would dictate that if porn is harming others then the government should step in and do something about it. He would say porn should not continue if it is harming others.
26
What is political economy?
Marx defines the political economy as capitalism basically. He has. negative connotation of political economy. This would be economy that is not separated from the politics and money.
27
How is labor alienated from the product?
The laborer does not own the products in the way Locke describes. Someone else is forcing the laborer to make products instead of the laborer making products for himself and of his own will
28
How is labor alienated from the activity of labor
A person is subjugating their own will to the labor out of necessity and need. Marx would say even if someone enjoys and takes pride in their work, that they are delusional and only find joy because they need to in order to not become depressed
29
How is labor alienate from the species being?
Marx says consciousness is what sets humans apart from other animals. Other animals can be satisfied by their animal necessities being met, but humans will not be satisfied until their conscious is satisfied and not bored. Laborers can put their own things on their own products, but when forced to labor for others the special spins and essence from the human species can and will be removed so that the product can no longer be identifies to the laborer.
30
How is labor alienated from man
The idea of capitalists owning the laborer so therefore the laborer does not own himself when he is producing things
31
What does Marx think about property?
Property is the consequence of externalized labor.
32
Does Marx think increasing wages combats all the problems?
No he says that increasing wages still results in the alienations.
33
What is the class system that Marx sets up?
Two class system: Bourgeois --> Owner of production; and Proletariat --> laborer and not owner
34
How does the bourgeoisie develop?
People who wanted more things and the guilds (unions) could not supply for the wants (demands)
35
How does the bourgeoisie transform the political systems?
Can do things for monetary gain that affects the political sphere. Marx says the political system is just a bunch of advocates for the bourgeoisie.
36
How does the bourgeoisie transform human relations?
Everything in life becomes a transactional relationship. University, Healthcare, Roads, etc.
37
How does the bourgeoisie transform occupational honor?
Poets are seen as useless, although doctors may be seen as worthy by the bourgeoisie. Pays little to be an artist, but a lot to be a doctor. More honor put on the jobs that pay a lot.
38
How does the bourgeoisie transform the family?
Families can be stripped because of monetary value. People decide to have more kids because of tax breaks, but they may also decide not to have any kinds because they are expensive.
39
How does the bourgeoisie transform nature?
People will deplete nature and go where they do not need to go in order to make money and capitalize on it.
40
What is the commercial crisis?
There are too many things that are not needed to be produced in a way that makes it normal. When these things become so normal that they "cannot" be lived without. When they are gone people get anxious which is a feature of capitalism.
41
How does the bourgeoisie act in self interest?
Elon musk and Tesla. Created electric cars to "end" climate change, but is exploiting the environment by making the cars. Its his own self-interest of accruing money.
42
What are the key features of a communist society?
People can have what they need, but he abolishes large amounts of land and capital
43
What is the distributive principle of communism?
From each according to his abilities, to each according to his need. Contribute what you can and take only what you need
44
Marx's view on property
Communism would only change life for the 10%, he is not worried about the property owned by the other non tenths, or the proletariat
45
What is the laziness objection?
Upon the abolition of private property all work will cease, and universal laziness will overtake.
46
What is Marx's objection to the laziness principle?
Marx says we have been fed the idea that we work to accrue enough capital to be the controls of production. But the truth is we work because we have to and we will never achieve the bourgeoisie status
47
What is distributive justice?
How resources are divided in a government
48
What are some distributive principles, or ways resources can be distributed?
Equally, Based on Merit, For Utility, According to Need
49
According to Rawls, how does a society start and what are the two conflicting interests?
Societies start the a bunch of people join together in their mutual self interest. The conflicting aims are 1. everyone should do well, and 2. people will always prefer a larger to a lesser share
50
What is a social arrangement?
Social arrangements are all the different ways that society is split into groups. Examples are, honor, strength, group affiliation, etc.
51
What are the two different senses of justice?
1. Justice in the system 2. Justice in people and character
52
Which sense of justice is Rawls referring to?
Rawls is referring to the systematic justice
53
How has society created disabilities?
We have taken physical contingencies that are unchangeable and made them a disadvantage. Deafness, blindness, etc
54
What is Rawls idea of people in the initial position?
Rawls says humans are rational and self-interested in the initial position
55
What is the original position?
In the original position, a person does not know their identities. All the person knows is that they are rational and self-interested
56
What is the veil of ignorance?
The veil of ignorance is the process of making decisions in the original position without knowing ones own identities. This ensures justice as fairness because distributive principles are decided without preference to ones own self.
57
What is moral worth?
The respect and worth that is thought to be given to others just because they are human people
58
What are morally irrelevant concerns
unequal distribution of goods based on things that are completely natural. Paying someone less money because their natural hair color is red or any other color.
59
What are Rawls' two principles?
1. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others 2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranges so (a). they are to be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society consistent with the difference principle and (b). offices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair and equality of opportunity
60
What is Rawls' ideal distributive principle?
If there are difference in what people receive, the goods must benefit the least well off
61
What is the difference principle?
The difference principle gives expression to the idea that natural endowments are undeserved. A citizen does not merit more of the social product simply because they do not have natural endowments that make things easier for them.
62
What does Rawls not want in the Rawlsian state?
Rawls does not want invention to be curbed
63
What does Nozick realize about the distribution of goods?
Nozick asks why distribution should be fair. He says there are always going to be natural distributions of friends and mates. He says we give free exchanges by making contracts with one another
64
What is Nozick's entitlement theory of justice?
A just distribution happens when there is either Justice in acquisition and justice in transfer
65
What is justice in acquisition?
- A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principles of justice I acquisition is entitled to that holding - As long as the good is mice with labor and is lockian, and not already owned, this is justice in acquisition - Nothing stolen
66
What is justice in transfer?
- A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to that holding, is entitled to that holding - Making contracts to get goods - Do not steal - Gifts, or purchasing to get a good
67
What is unjust and what does the entitlement theory prohibit?
Things that are unjust would be transfers made upon desperation when people have no other choice
68
Historical v. End Result Principles
Equally is an end-result principle Utility is an end-result principle Nozick thinks that the person who owns the pie matters, this is the historical principle
69
Why does Rawls qualify as social contract theory?
- The distribution of goods is his solution to the state of nature - His original position asks "what would you agree to" - He says what people would agree to is the way to create a more just society
70
Why does Nozick qualify as social contract theory?
- A just society is the society that arises from the just transfer of goods
71
Of the people we have read who may oppose social contract theory?
Marx, Hume, Frederick Douglas. They attempt to poke holes in the social contract theory.
72
Why can't we make sense of the character of civil freedom without women's subjection?
The contract theorists we have read so far start their stories after people are already grown. Pateman asks where they come from. Other theorists are ignoring the labor and hard work of women.
73
What belongs to the private sphere that does not belong to the public?
Abuse
74
Why can the public realm not be fully understood in the absence of the private sphere?
A person wouldn't understand the amount of labor and sometimes non-consensual labor that happened to create these people
75
How are the public and private sphere related?
The private sphere is what keeps the public sphere in opposition. Households need workers that exist only in the private realm. The households grow others who will enter the public realm.
76
What is Pateman's main objection to the social contract theory?
Pateman says that society would look nothing like the one we live in if it were actually a social contract. If it were a social contract we would split the work amongst ourselves.

Political Philosophy (2 decks)

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