final

Question 1

piltdown man

Answer 1

fake hominid skull discovered under a golf course

Question 2

hominin

Answer 2

nonhuman primate w/ human traits and bipedalism

Question 3

phylogenetics

Answer 3

organizes life forms based on common ancestors

Question 4

cladistics

Answer 4

organizes life forms based on shared derived traits

Question 5

aridity hypothesis

Answer 5

Increasing aridity in Africa shrank the forests, forcing our early ancestors onto the savannahs, which required bipedalism for survival

Question 6

Turnover Pulse Hypothesis

Answer 6

Periods of climate change resulted in high rates of faunal turnover, making specialist species die off and generalists survive

Question 7

forest hypothesis

Answer 7

Forested environments were the context in which human traits arose, and our last common ancestor is chimps, an arboreal biped

Question 8

Variability Selection Hypothesis

Answer 8

Recognizes the general condition of environmental instability during the end of the Miocene and the Pliocene, and instability makes specialists die off while generalist species survive

Question 9

Pulsed Variability Selection Hypothesis

Answer 9

• aka the flood hypothesis
• Suggests that the East Africa Rift System (EARS) was home to mega-lakes that expanded, forming the context for allopatric speciation

Question 10

allopatric speciation

Answer 10

when populations become geographically isolated from one another and become different species

Question 11

Obligate bipedalism

Answer 11

habitually walking upright

Question 12

primitive traits

Answer 12

• Small brain case
• Large supraorbital torus (brow bone)
• large canines/molars
• prognathism
• parallel dental arcade

Question 13

derived traits

Answer 13

• large brain case
• short canines
• small back teeth

Question 14

post cranial changes

Answer 14

-shorter limbs
- s shaped spine
-short pelvis

Question 15

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Answer 15

-7mya
- ape like features but 2 human traits: smaller canines and bipedalism
- possibly the earliest human ancestor

Question 16

orrorin tugenesis

Answer 16

• similar size to chimps, 4ft tall
• bipedalism and human-like femur

Question 17

Ardipithecus ramidus

Answer 17

• 4 mya
  -called “Ardi”
• mostly teeth, jaws, and hands
• facultative biped
• mosaic pelvis

Question 18

facultative biped

Answer 18

capable of walking on 2 feet but only under certain environmental pressures.. usually will use 4 legs

Question 19

robust Australopithecus vs gracile Australopithecus

Answer 19

robust had larger back teeth and larger chewing muscles

Question 20

australopithecus anamensis

Answer 20

• 4 mya
• pragmatism
• biped but upper limbs say also arboreal
• brain 1/4 the size of modern humans

Question 21

australopithecus afarensis

Answer 21

• 3 mya
• “Lucy”
• stone tools
• sexual dimorphism
• smaller teeth but still prognathic face

Question 22

australopithecus africanus

Answer 22

• found in the “cradle of humankind” aka limestone cave w/ well preserved fossils
• Taung child

Question 23

australopithecus sediba

Answer 23

-lots of mosaic features
- 2mya

Question 24

genus Paranthropus

Answer 24

• robust australopithecines
• adaptations to tougher foods
• coexisted with homo Erectus, so NOT a human ancestor

Question 25

why did we lose fur?

Answer 25

-MC1R gene changed our pigmentation from light to dark - thermoregulation theory (got too hot when we ran) - maybe lice -maybe for emotional connection - maybe because of lice

Question 26

homo habilis

Answer 26

- 2.5 mya - associated with tools

Question 27

homo erectus

Answer 27

- 1.7 mya - larger body, larger brain, shorter limbs - stone tools and possibly fire

Question 28

turkana boy

Answer 28

- 1.6 mya - little boy (around 8) who was very tall (5'4) - suggests that homo Erectus reached maturity very quickly and had a shorter lifespan than humans

Question 29

dmansi hominins

Answer 29

- more primitive, more prognathism and smaller brain, shorter than erectus - simple stone tools - found at olduvai gorge

Question 30

archaic homo sapiens

Answer 30

- replace homo erectus in many areas - 600 kya - bigger brain case, bigger nose, rounded brain case, less prognathism

Question 31

occipital lobe

Answer 31

- visual perception (color etc) - form and motion

Question 32

parietal lobe

Answer 32

- sensory perception (hearing, taste, touch, etc)

Question 33

homo hiedelbergansis

Answer 33

- first early humans to live in the cold - first definite control of fire - first to use spears and hunt large animals - ex: broken hill

Question 34

sima de los huesos

Answer 34

- pile of bones, possible intentional burial - homo hiedelbergansis

Question 35

neanderthals

Answer 35

- mainly Europe - cold adaptations - lived in small family groups

Question 36

shanindar 1

Answer 36

- neanderthal - many injuries including amputation that did NOT cause death - meaning they knew how to fix these ailments

Question 37

denisovans

Answer 37

- found in denisova cave - no actual species name yet - just one finger

Question 38

homo florensiensis

Answer 38

- the "hobbits" - female adults 3ft tall - dwarfism?

Question 39

homo luzonensis

Answer 39

- philippines - must have crossed the sea - mosaic traits

Question 40

behavioral modernity

Answer 40

- art - purposeful burials - tools

Question 41

Allens rule

Answer 41

animals adapted to cold climates have thicker limbs and bodily appendages than animals adapted to warm climates.

Question 42

bergmanns rule

Answer 42

opulations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, while populations and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions.