Final Flashcards
(20 cards)
cholera
first half of 1800s disease ravaged paris and france due to growing population, unsanitary conditions of city
great stink
1880s, parisians noticed a horrible smell in the city because of unsanitary conditions
infrastructure
the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
eclecticism and historicism
19th and 20th century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original
percement (piercing)
The urban development strategy of Haussmann and Naopoléon III, which consists of cutting broad swathes through the existing city to create space for wide avenues, large apartment blocks, and subterranean infrastructure for water, sewage and gas. i.e.rue de rivoli
modular construction
Buildings made from pre-fabricated elements (such as cast iron). First used in structures such as train canopies, market halls etc. Capitalizes on cheap, unskilled labor.
art noveau
A decorative style in France, loosely inspired by late Gothic Architecture, defined by organic, sinuous lines, asymmetry and the use of industrial materials such as iron, ceramic, brick, etc. It was pioneered by the architects Hector Guimard and Frantz Jourdain in France and Victor Horta in Belgium. One of its identifying characteristics is the whiplash line (see below).
beaux arts
The architectural style associated withthe Ecole de Beaux Arts in Paris, itproposed a hybrid of Louis XIV, XV and XVI styles. Due to the number of Americans who came to train in Paris the style was extremely influential in the US from the years 1880 - 1930.
spanish flu
1918 – 1919, results in the death of 5% of the worlds population – 25 million in first 5 weeks, as compared to 25 million who died of aids in the epidemics first 25 years. 99% of deaths were in people under 65, and 50% of deaths in the age group from 20-40 years old.
sanatorium
buildings meant for the recovery of sick people. they were usually built in spaces that would provide fresh air. patients like those with tuberculosis
heliotherapy
treatment by exposure to direct sunlight
principles of beaux arts
*Clear hierarchy of forms and of functions
*Monumental scale
*Use of noble materials (marble, bronze, mahogany)
*Integration of buildings with their setting
*Integration of all the arts (architecture, painting, sculpture, landscape) into one clear expression
art deco
An architectural and design style named for the 1925 Exposition des Arts Décoratifs.
It retains some formal characteristics of Greco-Roman classicism, but also shows new influences such as the simplification of forms reflecting the influence of mass mechanized production and a fascination with new forms of technology such as steamships and streamlined trains.
In the US it can also be called the Streamline style.
reinforced concrete
A mixture of cement, aggregate and steel bars that creates a cheep, durable structure. Concrete had been used in an experimental manner in the 19th c. for infrastructure projects. In 1900 François Hennebique developed a reinforced concrete that could mimic stone.
vernacular architecture
Vernacular architecture can be defined as a type of local or regional construction, using traditional materials and resources from the area where the building is located. Consequently, this architecture is closely related to its context and is aware of the specific geographic features and cultural aspects of its surroundings, being strongly influenced by them. outside of traditional architecture styles, varies depending on where, not uniform at all
le Corbusiers five principles of modern architecture
Stilts / Pilotis: the house / apartment building should be elevated above the ground allowing free passage of air.
Occupiable roof: The flat roof should be useable space for recreation, exercise and sun bathing
Open Plan: Reinforced concrete structure, interior columns, removes the need for load-bearing walls allowing for an open plan. Only light and where possible moveable partitions separate spaces.
Free-floathing facade: Facades should be free of load-bearing structure, presenting a completely smooth surface.
Ribbon windows: non-load-bearing facades can have long stripwindows that allow a maximum of light inside.
Grand ensemble
A complex of government-built HLM apartment blocks usually surrounded by green spaces.
HLM
Habitation à loyer modéré, affordable housing built by the state.
30 glorieuses
a period of rapid industrialization and urbanization between 1946 and 1975
Post Modernism
In architecture, a movement that developed in the late 1970s and became prevalent in the 1980s, that sought to attenuate the perceived anonymity and emptiness of modernism by adding historicist or idiosyncratic references. This was strictly superficial and conceptual shift, and did not in any change the ways in which buildings were erected. An example we have seen is Place de Catalogne by Ricardo Bofill.
