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Polsci 325 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Offensive cyber tools

A

Spearfishing, denial of service, ransomware, wiper malware, zero-day exploits

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2
Q

Wiper malware

A

malicious software designed to delete data

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3
Q

zero-day exploits

A

flaw in software or operating system that can be exploited with no detection

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4
Q

Nation-state threats

A

russia, china, iran, and north korea

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5
Q

russian criminal and hacking groups

A

DarkSide, REvil, Evil Corp

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6
Q

Russian cyber operators

A

GRU, FSB, SVR

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7
Q

GRU

A

Russia’s premier military intelligence agency, physical and virtual world operations

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8
Q

SVR

A

Russia’s premier foreign intelligence agency, operates with a traditional foreign intelligence focus

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9
Q

FSB

A

Russia’s premier domestic intelligence agency

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10
Q

Executive branch cyber roles and responsibilities

A

Protect and promote, regulate and oversee, detect and disrupt, prosecute and penalize

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11
Q

Protect and promote

A

Department of Homeland Security
Department of State

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12
Q

Regulate and Oversee

A

Federal Trade Commission
Federal Communications Commission
Department of Commerce
Office of Management and Budget
Election Assistance Commission

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13
Q

Detect and Disrupt

A

DoD (CYBERCOM)
FBI
Intel Community (NSA)

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14
Q

Prosecute and Penalize

A

Department of Justice
Department of treasury

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15
Q

(Cyber) Military Options

A

Military, Diplomatic, economic and regulatory, homeland security and law enforcement, state and local government, private sector

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16
Q

Classic security concepts

A

Escalation, Retaliation, coercion, deterrence, attribution

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17
Q

U.S. cyber operations doctrine

A

Swift consequences, persistent engagement, defend/hunt forward

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18
Q

Ways to address climate change

A

new/improved technology
laws and regulations
economic incentives
social and psychological incentives

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19
Q

programmable thermostats (PT)

A

technical potential: 10-15% reductions in energy use
No difference in energy use among homes with and without a PT

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20
Q

Behavioral wedge

A

17 types of household actions that don’t require new regulation, could save 123 million metric tons of CO2 per year by 10

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21
Q

Behavioral plasticity

A

The proportion of current non-adopters that could potentially be induced to take action

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22
Q

Initiative feasibility

A

the likelihood that a change agent will adopt and then implement a mitigation initiative

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23
Q

UK Behavioral insights team

A

2010: started in cameron administration as part of gov
2013: partially privatized company with global offices

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24
Q

Social and behavioral sciences team

A

Started by obama white house 2015 (subcommittee of national science and technology council)
Disbanded under Trump (members moved to other gov offices and left for private companies)

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25
Q

Injunctive norms

A

how people should behave

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26
Q

descriptive norms

A

how people actually behave

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27
Q

The boomerang effect example

A

marked pieces of petrified wood in park

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28
Q

The Big Mistake

A

advocates/policymakers often try to highlight the frequency of bad behavior because they want to fix it

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29
Q

climate of silence (not talking about climate change)

A

only 25% of americans regularly discuss climate change

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30
Q

Behavioral spillover

A

the effects of an intervention on subsequent behaviors not directly targeted by that intervention

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31
Q

Negative spillover

A

threat to behavioral approach, could undermine policy support, may need more exclusive focus on regulatory or price-based approaches s. voluntary approaches

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32
Q

positive spillover

A

virtuous escalator, foot in the door effect, self-perception theory

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33
Q

Negative spillover

A

single action bias, rebound/takeback effects, moral licensing

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34
Q

moral hazard

A

fear that non-mitigation approaches to climate change will undermine support for mitigation

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35
Q

risk compensation hypothesis (moral hazard)

A

learning about geo-engineering/adaptation–> reduces concern about climate change–> reduces support for mitigation

36
Q

Risk salience hypothesis (reverse moral hazard)

A

learning about geo-engineering/adaptation–> increases awareness/concern about climate change –> increases support for mitigation

37
Q

Technological approaches to climate change

A

adaptation

38
Q

Adaptation, geoengineering

A

sea walls/flood prevention
Upgrades to electrical grids/air conditioning
Agricultural changes (irrigation, changing crops)

39
Q

Geoengineering

A

solar geo-engineering and carbon dioxide removal

40
Q

solar geoengineering

A

reflect sunlight/heat back to space

41
Q

Carbon dioxide removal

A

capture and store atmospheric carbon

42
Q

Measured variables

A

Mediator, DV, Moderator

43
Q

Mediator

A

perceived threat of climate change

44
Q

DV

A

support for climate change mitigation policies

45
Q

Moderator

A

political ideology

46
Q

policy action

A

set of conditions seen as a problem
definition of problem has emerged and received attention in important public arenas
people are calling for action or intervention

47
Q

What is the role of science or research in defining social problems and then in deciding how best to intervene with policy?

A

Evidence-based policy

48
Q

Evidence-based policy

A

the development, implementation, and evaluation of effective programs and policies through application of principles of scientific reasoning
Evidence= the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid

49
Q

How does scientific information get to people who make policy decisions?

A

formal education and training
scientific journals
media
legislative aids and other staff
lobbyists
social action and advocacy groups
expert testimony
government research

50
Q

Politics

A

the process by which groups of people make decisions
social relations involving authority or power

51
Q

sources of interpersonal power

A

legitimate, reward, expert, and referent power

52
Q

legitimate power

A

formal power or authority

53
Q

Reward power

A

power to reward others who comply with preferences about decisions and actions

54
Q

Expert power

A

power comes from expertise/knowledge

55
Q

Referent power

A

power comes from others wanting to emulate or be loyal to group/individual

56
Q

what are barriers to a strong link between science and policy?

A

Scientific process limitations
scientific results are hard to communicate
timing: info not always available when decisions need to be made
study results often contradict each other
Interpretation of same results can vary
Data collection/surveillance systems are designed in ways that value certain types of info over others

57
Q

Goal: Evidence-Based policy

A

scientists produce high-quality evidence
findings are translated and disseminated
policymakers use it wisely and appropriately

58
Q

Reality: policy-based evidence

A

scientist produce high-quality evidence
findings are translated and disseminated
advocates and policymakers cherry pick results to support agendas; ignore other evidence

59
Q

Policy analysis

A

client-oriented advice relevant to public decisions and is informed by data/evidence and social values

60
Q

types of policy analysis

A

prospective policy analysis
descriptive policy analysis

61
Q

Prospective policy analysis

A

also called ex ante, pre hoc, anticipatory
- predictive and prescriptive analysis

62
Q

Predictive analysis

A

projection of future states resulting from adopting particular alternatives

63
Q

Prescriptive analysis

A

recommends actions because they will bring about a particular result

64
Q

Descriptive policy analysis

A

also called ex-post, post hoc, retrospective
- retrospective analysis and evaluative analysis

65
Q

retrospective analysis

A

descriptive interpretation of past policies; descriptive focus on what was implemented

66
Q

Evaluative analysis

A

summative program evaluation; were the purposes of the policy achieved; did the policy have an impact?

67
Q

two main types of prospective policy analysis

A

policy options analysis
policy miscrosimulation models
- types of economic analysis
- sensitivity analysis

68
Q

Basic steps in policy options analysis

A
  1. Verify, define, detail the problem
  2. Establish Evaluation Criteria
  3. Identify alternative policies
  4. Evaluate alternative policies
  5. Distinguish among alternatives
  6. Monitor implemented policy
69
Q

Gostin framework

A
  1. significant risk based on objective science
  2. Intervention effectiveness by showing reasonable fit between means and ends
  3. Economic costs are reasonable when compared with probable benefits
  4. Human rights burdens are reasonable when compared with probable benefits
  5. Benefits costs and burdens are fairly distributed so that services are provided only when needed and regulatory burdens are imposed only where a risk to community health exists
70
Q

Classic Framework for Policy Options Analysis

A
  1. Establishing the Context: verify/define the problem
  2. Establish evaluation criteria
  3. Identify alternative policies
  4. Evaluate the alternative policy options
  5. Distinguish among alternatives
  6. Implement and monitor policy
71
Q

4 types of simulation models

A

Microsimulation
discrete event simulation
agent-based modeling and simulation
system dynamics simulation

72
Q

policy microsimulation models

A

computer forecasts that attempts to imitate or mimic the operation of gov programs/policies on individual units in the population under different sets of assumptions/interventions

73
Q

cost-benefit analysis

A

to determine which of alternative interventions, designed to achieve the same or differ4ent objectives, produces the greatest net benefit in terms of money

74
Q

cost-effective analysis

A

to determine which alternative interventions designed to achieve the same objective; produces the most of desired outcome for a given level of expenditure

75
Q

sensitivity analysis

A

a test of whether uncertainty about the value of a variable significantly influences the conclusion of an analysis

76
Q

Potential results of a sensitivity analysis

A
  1. Demonstrate that a conclusion depends significantly on a particular assumption
  2. Demonstrate that an assumption does not significantly affect a study’s conclusion
    3.Establish a minimum or maximum value a variable must have for an intervention to appear worthwhile
77
Q

Core pillars of the public sector

A

economy, efficiency, effectiveness, equity

78
Q

program

A

an organized response to eliminate or reduce a social problem where the response includes one or more objectives, performance of one or more activities, and the expenditure of resources

79
Q

Policy

A

A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a gov, business, or other type of organization

80
Q

program evaluation

A

the process that leads to judgements about the worth, effectiveness and efficiency of programs and strategies

81
Q

Different types of program evaluation

A

summative, process evaluation

82
Q

summative evaluation

A

did the intervention achieve?:
- Impact evaluation: mediators along path
- Outcome evaluation: end/long-term aims

83
Q

Process evaluation

A

focuses on implementation of a policy or program (was the policy/program implemented with the quality, content, coverage intended?)

84
Q

Internal validity

A

the research design allows for assessments about the effects of an intervention without the threat of rival hypotheses or alternative explanations

85
Q

Threats to internal validity

A

history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, loss to follow up, regression to the mean, differential selection

86
Q

External validity

A

the ability to generalize the findings of a research study outside of the population included in the research and the specific way in which the research was conducted

Polsci 325 (2 decks)

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