FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
Anthropoid
A
group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans
2
Q
Difference between monkey and an ape
A
monkeys have tails while apes do not
3
Q
Pleistocene
A
2.6 mya to 11,700 ya
4
Q
Holocene
A
11,700 ya to present
5
Q
Pilocene
A
5.3 mya to 2.6 mya
6
Q
Miocene
A
23 mya to 5.3 mya
7
Q
What factor influences primates’ slow life history
A
development and maintenance of large brains
8
Q
Primate species in increasing order of relatedness
A
gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, chimpanzees
9
Q
Oldest known species in the human family tree
A
homo erectus
10
Q
Hominin species with apelike brain size and bipedality
A
Australopithecus afarensis
11
Q
Species nicknamed the Handyman
A
Homo habilis (used some of the earliest stone tools)
12
Q
First species to exhibit modern limb proportions
A
Homo ergaster (African variant)
Homo erectus (Asian variant)
13
Q
Insular dwarfism
A
small body sized evolved in response to constrained environments
14
Q
Insular dwarfism species
A
homo floreseinsis
15
Q
Ancestor of both Neanderthals and modern humans
A
Homo neanderthalensis
16
Q
When did Neanderthals live
A
200,000 to 30,000 years ago (Pleistocene)
17
Q
What environments were Neanderthals adapted to
A
colder environments
18
Q
Evidence suggesting Neanderthals interbred with modern humans
A
non-African human population carry portion of neanderthal DNA
19
Q
When and where did anatomically modern humans emerge?
A
200,000 years from Africa
20
Q
When is there clear evidence of successful migration out of Africa
A
70,000
21
Q
Sexual dimorphism increases or decreases from Australopithecus afarensis to modern humans
A
Decrease
22
Q
What species migrated out of Africa 2 million years ago
A
Homo erectus
23
Q
Which evolved first bipedal locomotion or large brain size?
A
Bipedal locomotion, answered using Australophithecus
24
Q
What factor transforms the human environment during the Holocene?
A
Intensive domestication of plants and animals
25
Jealousy
state aroused by a perceived threat to a valued relationship
26
Jealousy function
motivates behavior to counter the threat
27
What sex difference in jealousy is typically focused on?
sex differences in threats and triggers of mate jealousy
28
David Buss predict what sex difference
sex differences in jealousy related to sexual infidelity vs emotional infidelity
29
Methods and results of Buss (1992)
Asked individuals which infidelity would be more distressing. Men reported sexual infidelity as worse, and women reported emotional infidelity as worse.
30
Methodological difference between study 1 and study 2 in Buss (1992)
study 1 used a survey, study 2 used electrodermal activity, pulse rate, and EMG to measure physiological arousal
31
Function of male sexual jealousy
combat the costs of unknowingly investing resources in another man's child
32
Characteristics of a partner associated with increasing mate retention behaviors
presence or absence of competitors, mate value of potential competitors compared to husband's, wife's behavior, wife's age, husband's mate value, unfaithfulness, youthfulness, and physical attractiveness.
33
Characteristics of a partner associated with women increasing mate retention behaviors
income and status striving of the spouse
34
Male mate retention tactics
conceal partners, use intrasexual threats and violence
35
Association between spouse's age and mate retention tactics among men
older their mate, less mate retention tactics
36
Association between spouse's status striving and mate retention tactics among women
more status striving, more mate retention tactics
37
Evolutionary psychologists linked to theory of male sexual proprietariness
Daly and Wilson
38
Sexual proprietary male psychologies
solutions to adaptive problems of male reproductive competition and potential misdirection of paternal investments
39
Cross-culture practices of male sexual proprietariness
socially recognized marriage framed as property transfer, adultery laws and norms, legal recognition of infidelity as a special provocation to male violence, valuation of female chastity, reliable emergence of harems, practices such as veiling
40
Book regarded as beginning of Darwinian medicine
Why we get sick by Randolph Nesse and George C Williams
41
2 principles of Darwinian medicine
1. do not view diseases as adaptations
2. symptoms are evolved responses of the body and generally do have a function
42
6 reasons people have evolved vulnerabilities to disease
mismatch and infection (evolution takes time), constraints and trade-offs (evolution can't do everything), reproduction and defense responses (evolution doesn't care if you feel good)
43
Psychological disorders result of environmental mismatch
Substance abuse disorders, eating disorders, and attention disorders. Diet culture, media, trauma, and weight teasing are all environmental factors that led to psychological disorders.
44
Smoke detector principle
defense responses, including aversive emotions, evolved to minimize the fitness costs of signal-detection errors. results in selection for over vs under activation.
45
Wakefield's definition of mental disorder
harmful dysfunction
46
4 categories of mental disorders
Genetic-based developmental disorders, disorders brought on by aging (senescence), disorders caused by mismatch, and adaptive responses that are aversive
47
Genetic based developmental disorder
bipolar disorder, pre-60, low prevalence, high heritability, psychiatric
48
Disorders brought on by aging (senescence)
Parkinson's disease, post-60, low prevalence, low heritability, neurological
49
Disorders caused by mismatch
ADHD, pre-60, high prevalence, low heritability, psychiatric
50
Adaptive responses that are aversive
PTSD, pre-60, high prevalence, low heritability, psychiatric
51
Neurological disorder
focused on cognitive and behavioral abnormalities (something wrong in nervous system biology)
52
Psychiatric disorders
focused on mood and thought (no clear link to biology)
53
Ed Hagen metaphor
Depression is like going on strike
54
Negotiating tactics for depression
losing interest in all activities and risking one's life
55
PPD not entirely due to hormonal dysfunction
PPD affects both men and women
56
5 factors that cause PPD
poor infant viability, few resources, low social support, high opportunity costs, social constraints on decision-making
57
Depression began with what observation
caused by adversity
58
Prevalence of depression
major depression prevalence much higher than schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, dementia, Parkinson's. Depression is pathological
59
depression not solely conceptualized as pathological disorder
not chronic, resolves itself within a few months to a year, symptoms accounted for a normal reaction to psychosocial stressor
60
Psychological pain hypothesis
the function of psychological pain is analogous to that of physical pain, focuses individual attention on social events causing pain, and promotes evaluation of future courses of action
61
2 symptoms of depression unaddressed by pain hypothesis
1. loss of interest in all activities
2. suicidality
62
Costly signal of need
people with poor fitness prospects, losing interest in activities/risking one's life is relatively low cost. Only genuinely fitness-poor individuals can afford to send the signal.
63
Credible sadness
costly to send these signals unless it is true. Social partners will respond to these signals because they are reliable
64
Depression similar and different from anger
depression similar to anger because they function to inflict a cost on social partners in order to resolve conflict in actor's favor. Depression is different because it is the tactic of the powerless.
65
How should partners respond to depression
partners should increase victim support and improve victim circumstances
66
Sex differences in depression
females are at higher risk of depression. Men tend to bargain with anger and women bargain with depression. 63% of sex differences can be explained
67
Inclusive fitness model of depression
successful suicide increase the inclusive fitness of low reproductive value individuals who are a burden on kin
68
Bargaining model
suicide attempts are costly signals of need; successful suicides are a by-product
better supported by data on suicide in the US
69
Cross-culture test of bargaining and inclusive fitness model
cross cultural data does not support idea that suicide attempts are higher than completions. Bargaining model more supported overall
70
How does inclusive fitness model relate to environmental conditions
extreme latitudes (artic) increase support for inclusive fitness model due to harsh environments
71
3 key variables for the bargaining model of depression
fitness threat, powerlessness, and conflict (across culture)
72
Expedition to the artic reveal about human nature
culture is the secret to success
73
culture
information that is acquired from other individuals via social transmission mechanisms such as imitation, teaching, or language
74
Horizontal transmission
transmission via unrelated members of the same generation
75
Oblique transmission
transmission from unrelated members of the parental generation
76
Vertical transmission
transmission from biological parents to children
77
Evidence that chimpanzees exhibited culture
behavior patterns of wild chimpanzees were habitual in some communities, but absent in others where ecological variation could not be the cause
78
Chimpanzee behaviors that are understood to be cultural
too usage behaviors, grooming, and courtship
79
Human culture differs from chimpanzee culture
Human culture is cumulative
80
Individual variation in culture
political and religious belief, socially acquired skills, and learned knowledge
81
Differential fitness/competition in culture
individual limitations on the amount of knowledge and information retained (constraints of memory and time), extinction of technology (loss of bone tools and fishing)
82
Inheritance in culture
immigrants pass down values and strong parent-offspring correlation in traits
83
Examples of loss of culture and technology complexity
changing/disappearance over time of certain words and phrases "gag me with a spoon" "lit"
84
Examples of convergent evolution
similar nature of the flight/wings of insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats
85
2 features of neo-Darwinian evolution
particulate inheritance and non-Lamarckian inheritence
86
Particulate inheritance
pattern of inheritance showing phenotypic traits can be passed from generation to generation through genes
87
Meme
discrete unit of cultural inheritance, coined by Richard Dawkins
88
Lamarckian inheritance
changes to the individual during its lifetime are transmitted to its genotype and passed on
89
Dual inheritance theory
adaptive behavior derives from both cultural and genetic inheritance
90
Conformist bias
imitates the most frequent behavior in the local population (imitation = information free-riding)
91
Prestige bias
imitates models who are locally successful
92
Selective learning
learn directly from the environment in some cases, imitate in other cases
93
Prestige
attained by having specialist knowledge or skills that others wish to learn
94
Dominant
individuals use threat or fear to gain influence over others
95
Gene-culture coevolution
genes and culture evolve together, each constraining and driving the other, with emphasis on how cultural change can promote genetic change
96
Pace of evolution and relationship to cultural change
culture drives genetic evolution
97
4 components of religion
1. beliefs pertaining to supernatural
2. practices, including rituals
3. ultimate concerns: transcendence, spirituality, the sacred
4. Practices and beliefs often tie communities or people together
98
Adaptationist claim
universality: religious belief and behavior reliably characterize virtually all known society
genetics: religiosity may be partly heritable
possible adaptive function: reduction of stress and anxiety, mitigation of existential dread/fear of death, enhancement of in-group cooperation
99
By-product claim
universality: practices may be universal but not adaptions (ex: sports)
genetics: practice is a by-product
possible adaptive function: religion associated with costly practices that can jeopardize health, may increase dread, fear, or anxiety, in-group enhancement accompanied by out-group derogation, dehumanization along with coalitional conflict
100
Religion like sports
adaptations involved in soccer by evolved for other purposes (perceptual and spatial skills, bodily coordination, coalitional psychology, status striving, and self-esteem mechanism)
101
Adaptive systems activated by religion
attachment system, dominance and status, reciprocal altruism and social exchange, and kinship
102
Cognitive scientists explain emergence of widespread belief in supernatural agents
emerged as by-product of domain-specific cognitive adaptions for understanding distinct aspects of the world
103
Animism
belief that life force animates objects in nature
104
Anthropormorphism
theory of mind misapplied to non-human objects
105
3 characteristics of religions that promote social transmission of ideas and behaviors
1. involve costly signals of commitment
2. costly displays in the forms of rituals, offerings, sacrifices, and martyrdom help spread commitment
3. discount hypocrisy
religious ideas are minimally counterintuitive
106
credibility-enhancing displays (CREDs) examples in religion
building mosques, temples, and synagogues
107
Costly signals of commitment examples in religion
participating in rituals
108
Basic ideas of "Big Gods"
religions marked by powerful moralizing deities promote pro sociality and contribute to rise of large-scale human societies
109
Link between social complexity and moralizing high gods
social complexity robustly associated with moralizing gods, even after controlling for religion, time, language, and other factors
110
Beheim challenge the findings of Whitehouse, leading to retraction fo Whitehouse on what grounds
missing outcome data was coded as absent and reanalysis removed unknown outcomes
111
Religious priming
presenting experimental participants with a stimulus that activates religious cognition, which influences behavior in other domains (explicit, implicit, subliminal, contextual)
112
Explicit priming
overt presentation, but possible demand effects
113
Implicit priming
more subtle, presumable no demand
114
Methods of Shariff experiment on religious priming
participants may transfer sum of money, one group received religious priming and one group did not, proportion of endowment is interpreted as measure of generosity. 2nd study added the activity of descrambling sentences in both religious and nonreligious priming groups which were not present in the first study.
115
Results of experiment on religious priming
people who are religiously primed give more by substantial amount compared to people who are not religiously primed. Religiously primed group gave more money than neutral priming group.
116
Shariff (2016) study of religious priming and prosocial behavior
average effect in favor of religiously primed participants to have more prosocial behaviors
117
Van Elk's study about religious priming and prosocial behavior
the more people in the study, the more accurate the study. The results converge to zero effect or negative effect so not clear if there is an effect
118
Billingsley (2018) technique used to prime participants implicitly and explicitly
implicit = scrambled-sentence tasks, explicit = essays
119
Implicit priming affect on prosocial behavior
implicit priming did not increase prosocial behavior in either religious and non-religious individuals
120
Explicit priming affect on prosocial behavior
explicit priming did not increase prosocial behavior for non-religious individuals, but it might have increased prosocial behavior for religious individuals
