FINAL

Question 1

haplotypes are found in:

Answer 1

germ cell

Question 2

location of chromosome

Answer 2

locus

Question 3

where are homologous chromosomes found

Answer 3

diploid cells

Question 4

which two nitrogenous bases form 3 bonds instead of two

Answer 4

G - C

Question 5

What is a nucleotide

Answer 5

a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Question 6

what happens at the same time the DNA helices unwinds the parental DNA strands?

Answer 6

Single strand binding proteins stabilize the DNA

Question 7

Genes can be transcribed

Answer 7

• from either strand of DNA
• withe different efficiencies
• so that multiple copies of RNA are made

Question 8

genetic drift is a problem in what size herds?

Answer 8

small isolated herds

Question 9

a haplotype is

Answer 9

alleles present on one chromosome that tend to be inherited together

Question 10

nucleotide consists of

Answer 10

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and pentose sugar

Question 11

genotypes are found in

Answer 11

germ cells, diploid cells, haplotypes

Question 12

what carries the anticodon

Answer 12

tRNA

Question 13

test crosses are used to

Answer 13

determine if an animal is a heterozygote (carrier) in a trait with complete dominance

Question 14

sex-linked inheritance

Answer 14

differs from the Mendelian pattern of autosomal inheritance

Question 15

you would have the highest confidence if you mated to a male being tested to

Answer 15

homozygous recessive females

Question 16

if one gene was responsible fore coat color and the phenotype were red, white and an equal mix of remand white hairs (roan) what type of trait would this be?

Answer 16

Co-dominance

Question 17

what events occur in the nucleus

Answer 17

DNA replication, RNA transcription, RNA processing

Question 18

The TATA box

Answer 18

located approximately 25 nucleotides 5’ to the initiation start site

Question 19

homologous chromosomes separate in

Answer 19

anaphase 1

Question 20

sister chromatids separate in

Answer 20

anaphase 2

Question 21

what are the phases of the cell cycle that compromise interphase

Answer 21

G,S, G2

Question 22

what occurs in M phase

Answer 22

Mitosis -> prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Question 23

chromosome components in order top to bottom

Answer 23

sister chromatids, p arm, centromere, q arm

Question 24

what is a housekeeping gene

Answer 24

a gene expressed constantly

Question 25

Threes processes, in order to process RNA

Answer 25

5' cap, poly A tail, splicing

Question 26

what avoids the law of independent assortment?

Answer 26

linkage disequilibrium

Question 27

if 4 cats out of 50 are affected what are allele frequencies rr affected and RR genotypic frequency

Answer 27

q^2 = 4/50 = Sort of 4/50 = 0.28 = q 1-q = p -> 1-0.28 = 0.7172 1= q^2 + 2pq + p2

Question 28

selection intensity increases

Answer 28

rate of genetic process increases

Question 29

in genetic model, E is described in terms of

Answer 29

environment

Question 30

4 path method for key equation is used when

Answer 30

accuracy, selection intensity, generation intensity generation interval or genetic variation differs within and between sexes

Question 31

genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation differ

Answer 31

genetic correlation is BV phenotypic correlation is between the performance

Question 32

the risk/ breeding dogs with mutations are

Answer 32

would maintain more genetic diversity and starting treatment would decrease the risk

Question 33

a qualitative trait

Answer 33

may be a threshold trait and expressed in a mutually exclusive way

Question 34

threshold traits

Answer 34

have low selection intensity

Question 35

breeding value only contains

Answer 35

additive

Question 36

genotypic value includes

Answer 36

additive and non additive genetic effects

Question 37

population measure of the deviations from the means of two variables

Answer 37

the covariance

Question 38

traits with high heritability

Answer 38

phenotype is a good indicator of breeding value

Question 39

traits with low heritability

Answer 39

phenotype is inaccurate predictor of breeding value

Question 40

in phenotypic selection accuracy is measured by

Answer 40

heritability

Question 41

repeatability

Answer 41

proportion of differences in performance that are due to differences in producing ability

Question 42

increasing heritably and repeatability increase

Answer 42

genetic change

Question 43

multiple trait selection that is best used with traits with high heritability?

Answer 43

phenotypic selection

Question 44

number of traits increase

Answer 44

actual effective proportion saved increases

Question 45

four ways heritability and repeatability can be improved

Answer 45

1. uniform environment 2. accurate measurements 3. mathematical groups 4. contemporary groups

Question 46

two major causes of genetic correlation

Answer 46

pleiotropy linkage disequilibrium

Question 47

3 circumstances when an indicator trait is used

Answer 47

1. accuracy selection is greater 2. selection intensity > for indicator trait 3. trait y is too expesinve of Dif. to measure

Question 48

Violates menders law

Answer 48

linkage disequilibrium

Question 49

what equation would be used to determine if an indicator trait is better that direct selection

Answer 49

ratio of response

Question 50

variance

Answer 50

(x-X)^2 / n-1

Question 51

standard deviation

Answer 51

sqrt of variance

Question 52

covariance

Answer 52

sum of scp / n-1

Question 53

dogs are unique in that their genome contains

Answer 53

large regions remain conserved across breeds, more mutations or variants for each trait than most livestock species, different genes than most other animals

Question 54

once a genomic variant is associated with a trait

Answer 54

must be validated with an independent population and have complementary approaches with it

Question 55

producing ability is calculated when

Answer 55

determining the genetic merit of an animal for a repaeated trait

Question 56

meiosis is critical for

Answer 56

sexual reproduction

Question 57

economic selection indexes

Answer 57

have an advantage in setting priorities for breeding objectives based on profitability, examples are total performance index

Question 58

the cell cycle includes

Answer 58

dna replication, interphase, mitosis

Question 59

correlated response occurs

Answer 59

linkage disequilibrium, pleiotrophy, indirect selection,

Question 60

EPD

Answer 60

expected progeny difference, 1/2 BV, predicts how offspring will compare to the mean for that trait

Question 61

single performance for repeated traits

Answer 61

P= G+ Ep+Et

Question 62

traditional EDPS

Answer 62

based on pedigree

Question 63

genomic EPDs are based

Answer 63

single nucleotide genetic markers

Question 64

maximizes F1 hybrid vigor but doesn't provide replacement females

Answer 64

terminal cross

Question 65

homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis to

Answer 65

reduce the cell to a haploid genome

Question 66

regions in linkage disequilibrium

Answer 66

haplotypes

Question 67

where does translation occur

Answer 67

cytoplasm

Question 68

transcription and DNA replication differ by?

Answer 68

DNA uses thymine instead or uracil like RNA does in transcription

Question 69

what is grading up or top crossing

Answer 69

converts one breed population to another breed

Question 70

when one gene expression affects the expression of another gene

Answer 70

epistasis