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geology final > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

the outermost layer of the earth’s mantle, where convection occurs

A

asthenosphere

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2
Q

when materials separate from one another due to their differences in densities

A

differentiation

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3
Q

a pair of equally charged poles separated by distance in which a positive charge is separated from a negative charge

A

dipole

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4
Q

the temperature at which the magnetic materials undergo changes in their properties

A

curie point

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5
Q

the locations of the earth’s plates, where we see the development of volcanic and earthquake activity

A

tectonic boundaries

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6
Q

a planet composed of mostly silicate rocks and materials (earth is and Jupiter isn’t)

A

terrestrial planet

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7
Q

the departure of the compass from the true north

A

magnetic declination

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8
Q

the inclination of the compass to the true north

A

magnetic inclination

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9
Q

the change in the magnetic field’s polarity to the opposite direction

A

magnetic reversal

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10
Q

where tectonic plates converge or sheer past one another

A

active margin

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11
Q

mineral

A

A solid, inorganic, naturally occurring substance with a distinct chemical composition and crystalline structure

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12
Q

a symmetric change in grain or clast size from one side of the bed to the other

A

graded bed

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13
Q

the metamorphic process of a rock experiencing pressure and as a result, forming folds

A

foliation

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14
Q

the previous rock type of a metamorphosized rock

A

protolith

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15
Q

the materials inside of a rock that is made up of different-sized grains

A

clast

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16
Q

the process by which rocks are organized into a similar size

A

sorting

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17
Q

the visible and course-grained texture of a rock

A

phanaretic

18
Q

a lighter-colored mineral that will melt at a lower temperature and pressure and with higher silica content

A

felsic

19
Q

the scale at which different minerals would melt at a certain heat and pressure

A

Bowens reaction series

20
Q

the physical changes occurring during the conversion of sediments to sedimentary rocks

A

diagenesis

21
Q

the direction of a line formed by a feature that indicates the position of a linear structure

A

strike

22
Q

the angle at which a land feature slopes down

A

dip

23
Q

the principle that a wave will mirror at an angle on a body of higher volume

A

refraction

24
Q

the resistance of a fluid substance to flow and gases

A

viscosity

25
Q

a volcanic igneous rock that forms when lava of basaltic composition erupted underwater

A

pillow basalt

26
Q

a volcano that has alternating layers of lava and ash

A

stratovolcano

27
Q

the downwards traveling material made up of ash and volcanic materials

A

pyroclastic flow

28
Q

a material returning to its original shape after stress was released

A

elastic deformation

29
Q

when the upper block above the fault plane moves up and over the lower block

A

thrust fault

30
Q

the type of energy propagation through a medium by means of forward propagation

A

acoustic wave

31
Q

changes that add to the surface of the earth

A

constructive process

32
Q

downward progression of soil under the earths gravitational pull

A

soil creep

33
Q

an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point

A

drainage basin

34
Q

the precise age of a rock in years

A

numeric age

35
Q

the principle that the oldest layers of rock are the lowest and the oldest layers of rock are the newest

A

superposition

36
Q

an unconformity in which the beds above and below the surface are parallel.

A

disconformity

37
Q

a surface in which stratified rocks rest on intrusive igneous rocks or metamorphic rocks that contain no stratification

A

nonconformity

38
Q

occur where sea levels fall relative to land level

A

emergent shoreline

39
Q

fossils used to define and identify geologic periods

A

index fossils

40
Q

the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping

A

angle of repose

geology final (1 decks)

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