Final Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
When was the term “racist” coined?
A
1930 - response to nazism
2
Q
Define racism
A
There are many definitions
“a system of power based on race”
3
Q
What is “old” racism?
A
Based on perceived biological differences
4
Q
What is “new” racism?
A
Based on perceived cultural differences -ethnicity
5
Q
Who leads the deconstruct racism ted talk?
A
Baratunde
Rafiq
Thurston
6
Q
How does Thurston define White Supremacy?
A
A system of structural advantage
Favours white people in social, political, and economic arenas
The narrative of racial difference
7
Q
What is Thurstons first level?
A
Reverse the roles
8
Q
Level 2?
A
Increase beliveability of the reversal
9
Q
level 3?
A
Change the action
10
Q
Bonus level?
A
Inclusion
11
Q
What is the realist approach to racism?
A
changing physical realities of minorities lives
12
Q
What is the idealist approach to racism?
A
changing words, behaviours, and attitudes
13
Q
What is a polarized stereotype?
A
Normalizing whiteness
14
Q
What is being “white”? (Audrey Kobayashi and Linda Peake)
A
Whiteness is a set of cultural practices and politics based on ideological norms that are lived but not acknowledged
15
Q
What is cultural appropriation?
A
Dominant group selectively adopting and de-contextualizing elements of minority cultures without consent
16
Q
What is “racelessness”?
A
Coping strategy that involves the suppression of racial identity in order to achieve success
17
Q
What is colourism?
A
White ideals of beauty
18
Q
When was the Canadian Multiculturalism Act created?
A
1988
19
Q
What is Canada’s type of Racism? explain
A
Democratic racism - value conflict between democratic values and negative attitudes toward minorities
Equal lawfully but not socially
20
Q
What are the Starlight Tours?
A
Saskatoon - 1970s into the 2000s
Indigenous men taken by police outside of city limits in a remote area to freeze to death
21
Q
Is there racism in hockey?
A
YES
Players of colour typically face discrimination by the team and by the audiences
22
Q
What is Maclean’s “Too Asian”?
A
U of T having a high percentage of students who are of East Asian decent
23
Q
Racism and COVID-19
A
Brought more instances of anti-Asian racism
24
Q
What is ideological racism?
A
Racism that exists as a socio-cultural dimension in a society
Cultural values, behaviours, and communication patterns that consistently advance the dominant group
25
Describe Casual Racism
Everyday practices that are racist, but no not necessarily take form of hate speech or openly invoking hierarchies
26
What is Implicit Bias? Implicit association test:
Measures implicit attitudes and beliefs that people are either unwilling or unable to report
27
What is the most common form of racism?
Microaggressions
28
Where did the term "institutional racism" come from?
1960s USA - Black Power
29
Lord Macphersons' report 1999 on institutional racism:
The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people.
30
What was the backlash from Macpheresons' report?
It generalized racism into institutions rather than focusing on individual attitudes and practices.
Police have a few "rotten apples" rather than focusing on education and reform
31
Who is William Julius Wilson?
A black sociologist who published 'The Declining Significance of Race' 1978.
Black life chances are now more dependent on social class background than 'race'
32
What was the 1964 Civil Rights Act?
President Kenny in 1963 - Aimed to end direct and unintentional discriminations and to redress the huge historical imbalance by providing assistance quotas to blacks
33
What creates the 'new black middle class'?
Black communities often have lower wages, segregated neighborhoods and unfair disadvantages to this day.
Homicides have increased to the point of being the leading cause of death for black males.
Nearly 30% of black men will spend time in a Federal Prison
34
What was the quote from President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 regarding institutional racism?
"You do not take a person who for years has been hobbled by chains, and liberate him up to the starting line, and then say 'you are free to compete with all the others'".
35
What is the "SS Empire Windrush"?
Many Black and Asian Immigrants came to Britain.
The British Labour Government of Attlee was horrified, they wanted white immigrants, and dubbed those aboard as "undesirable elements" and attempts were made to prevent the ship from sailing
36
How was the 1948 Nationality Act actually racist?
Allowed freedom of entry to those from the colonies and "old Commonwealth" hoping they would be whites from Australia, New Zealand and Canada
37
Which specific racialized group has the most challenges in education?
African Caribbean boys
Often are treated the most hostile by teachers and have the most rules at school that oppress their identities
38
What factors of teacher racism were shown in "'Race', Culture and Difference" (1992)
African boys are seen as:
Physically threatening
Sexual predators - white women teachers
Perceptions from the way police treat black men
Taunted as "white" "gay" or being a "pussy" when interested in academic life
39
What is considered the "longest hatred"
Anti-Semitism
40
What is identified as the most recent form of racism
Islamophobia
41
What did the 1984 Commission for Racial Equality reveal?
St. George Medical School systematically penalized British applicants with non-christian surnames
42
Did ancient Egypt have distinct racist practices?
no
43
What did Aristotle propose about those living in colder climates?
They produced populations full of spirit but deficient in skill and intelligence
44
How did the Roman Empire differ in racism?
It viewed environmental and political factors as a basis for judgement. Emperor Septemus Serverrus (193-211 AD) was black
45
When did "theological anti-semitism" begin?
4th Century AD onward
46
What were the two greatest disasters to befall European Jews in the medieval period?
The massacres of 1096 France and Germany that followed the declaration of the First Crusade in 1095.
The expulsion from Spain in 1492 after the power of Christian Crusaders
47
Who was the Black Death plague primarily blamed on?
Jews
48
What occurred on 31 March 1492?
Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella signed the edict expelling jews
49
What is limpieza de sangre ?
The purity of blood, in the 16th century certificates of pure blood were often required for membership in a variety of religious associations
50
Was racism evident in ancient Islam?
White as good and black as bad was seen though no consistent conflations of racism have been found to exist.
51
Was Racism evident in ancient China?
Some non-Chinese peoples were regarded as barbarians, though this allows the idea that they can change and become civilized
52
What are the highest levels of racism?
institutional and structural
53
What is the lowest level of racism?
Individual racism
54
Define structural racism
A system in which the society perpetrates racial inequalities through its institutions, policies, practices and cultural ideals.
Inequalities that operate on a society-wide level
These are rooted in historical circumstances
55
Describe Institutional Racism
Racism that operates through political institutions, legal institutions, schools, police force, media, religious institutions etc.
This form of racism is prevailing and present everywhere
56
What is Affirmative Action?
An attempt to counter institutional racism through measures made to help members of disadvantaged groups.
Often heavily critisized and seen as unfair
57
Why is it important to not deny systemic racism?
We then ignore the actual disadvantages that will persist
58
Define intersectionality
How multiple, interlocking systems of power and oppression affect people
59
When was intersectionality first introduced?
To address the marginalization of black women in feminist and anti-racism politics
60
What are the important axis of power?
Race
gender
class
sexual orientation
gender identity
age
religion
disability
geographical location
61
What is the first documentary film?
Nanook of the North - Inuit groups
62
what is "new world syndrome" ?
type 2 diabetes, obesity, gallstones, heart disease
63
who is most likely to have the "new world syndrome"
Indigenous populations
64
what population is targeted for heart disease?
African Americans die of heart failure at twice the rate of white people
65
why are white people most likely to have skin cancer?
lighter skin
skin cancer is harder to detect with darker skin tones
66
why do people of colour often get ignored for medical needs?
There was a presumption that black people had a higher pain threshold
Often stereotyped and will not be given pain medication
67
What is true about racism?
It invloves individuals as well as society as a whole
68
Unfair treatment based on preconceived negative notions or opinions can be defined as:
Discrimination
69
The term “racist” was coined in the:
1930 (20th century)
70
“The Three Bear Effect” refers to:
polarizing stereotypes
71
How do “idealists” view racism?
as a matter of discourse and attitudes
72
What is described as “racelessness”?
a coping strategy that involves the suppression of racial identity in order to achieve success
73
Internalized racism:
Is about the people of colour believing in racist messages and ideas about their own group
74
Revisionist history focuses on:
the interpretation of events that square accurately with minorities experiences
75
What is NOT true about the concept “white privilege”?
it refers to individual wealth privileges that white people enjoy
76
“Passing” refers to:
A person of colour being perceived as white
77
According to Flears, “polite racism” in Canada:
uses politically neutral language as a code to camouflage prejudice and racism
78
According to Lund and Carr’s study “Racism in the Great White North”:
A study on whiteness received backlash even before it was published
79
What is true for multicultural policy in Canada?
It recognizes Canada as a nation with cultural and racial diversity
it can lead to the so-called “ethnic ghettoes”
It encourages superficial cultural differences, but does not address deeper issues
80
What is recognized as a dominant form of racism in Canada?
New Racism
81
What is true about the ideal of the individual merit?
It is an ideal, but might not always be true in reality
82
Institutional racism typically does NOT refer to:
Interpersonal conflict in everyday life
83
Normative racism is a part of:
Ideological racism
84
What is true about intersectionality?
It highlights the invisibility of not being a prototypical member of a group
85
What can be described as an example of “Salvage ethnography”?
Nanook of the North Documentary
86
Media representation:
Can lead to subconscious bias and ideas
87
According to initial studied, what is said to be the cause of the heart disease and heart
failure among the African-Americans?
Nictric oxide deficiency
88
Describe Ideological Racism
Cultural values, behaviours, communication patterns.
Neoliberalism as normative racism: Placing blame for social inequalities on individuals
89
Describe Implicit Bias (Implicit association test)
Measures implicit attitudes and beliefs that people are unwilling or unable to report
90
What are the highest levels of racism?
institutional and structural
Lowest: Individual
91
Examples of Institutional Racism
Police brutality and profiling
Different treatment (and punishment) of students of colour
Higher punishment for the same crime
Education curricula that focuses on white as default
“Fit” in hiring practices
Racism in sports
Healthcare
92
Describe Affirmative Action
Education, employment, etc.
Attempt to counter institutional racism through measures made to help members of disadvantaged groups
Often heavily criticized and seen as unfair
It goes against the ideals of equality and individual merit – seen as unfair advantage
93
When was Intersectionality first introduced?
First introduced to address the marginalization of black women in feminist and anti-racism politics.
94
Is there mathematics involved in intersectionality?
NO
Oppression Olympics – A derailment. Not good to engage in it; can contribute to silencing instead of addressing the problem!
95
What is "Nanook of the North"?
“Nanook of the North” (1922) – Robert Fleherty
Considered to be the first documentary film
Staged scenes and situations
“Salvage ethnography” approach
The film: Crucial role at representing Inuit to those outside of the Artic and sub-Artic regions
“Myth of Authenticity”
96
What is "New World Syndrome"
Type 2 diabetes, obesity, gallstones, heart disease in Indigenous populations
97
Is heart disease among African Americans environmental?
yes
98
Describe idealists
holds that racism and discrimination are matters of thinking, mental categorization, attitude, and discourse
Race is a social construction
99
Describe realists or economic determinists
racism is a collection of unfavourable impressions of members of other groups.
Society allocates privilege and status
100
Does revisionist history accurately represent minorities?
yes
101
What do materialists aim to change?
the physical circumstances of minorities' lives before racism abates
102
What is the Critique of Liberalism?
Declining the promotion of colour-blindness
103
Describe Structural Determinism
the idea that our system,
by reason of its structure and vocabulary, is ill equipped
to redress certain types of wrong. Structural determinism,
a powerful notion that engages both the idealistic and the materialistic strands of critical race theory, takes a number of forms.
104
Describe the "Sisters in Spirit" initiative
The Sisters in Spirit initiative works to reduce the risks and increase the safety and security of all Aboriginal women in Canada, regardless of where they work or where they live.
The initiative also works to draw attention, recognition, and dignity to those Aboriginal women and girls who are still missing and those already found murdered.
105
What was the goal of the Great White North project?
to challenge oppression through an analysis of racialized privileges
106
Describe everyday racism
unconscious speech habits and routine everyday actions / interactions that have the cumulative effect of denying and excluding racial minorities
107
Describe normative racism
largely unconscious bias from cultural values that bolster the realities, experiences, and expectations of the dominant sector while disadvantaging those percieved as physically or culturally inferior
108
What were the three main characterizations of black youth in the workplace?
The Scary Black Person
The Underachiever
The Minstrel
109
Describe polite racism
a contrived attempt to disguise a dislike
of others through behaviour that outwardly is non-prejudicial in appearance.
These politely aversive feelings are not expressed through outright hostility
or hate, but often through patterns of avoidance or rejection
110
Example of polite racism
Saying an apartment has been rented to a black person when it is vacant
111
Describe Subliminal Racism
below-the-conscious biases are internalized through
informal socialization, deeply embedded within the subconscious, that surface by accident or in unguarded moments, and reflect a gap between what people say (values they profess to endorse) and what they do (values they prefer to practise).
112
What is ethnography?
A feild involving description of other cultures
113
What is the hashtag #concernedstudent1950
used by students too raise national awareness of their efforts to support students of color and racist policies in institutions
114
What was banned in the 1964 Civil Rights Act?
discrimination by employers
