Final Flashcards

Question

Explain the first humans in Europe and when they arrived

Answer 1

1/ some form of ‘H. erectus’ arrives by 1,400,000 bp - tooth and some stone tools 2/ H. heidelbergensis arrives ≈ 600-500,000 bp heidelbergensis evolves into Neandertals Atapuerca, Spain 3/ we modern humans arrive ≈ 45,000 bp

Answer 2

• Absolute, chronometric, or radiometric dating • Biochronology • Paleomagnetism

Answer 3

When sediments slowly accumulate: tiny iron particles orient to Earth’s magnetic field The particles align with whichever pole (North or South) is positive at the time When sediments become compacted, particle orientation becomes locked in Sediments with particles oriented north could be relatively recent since that’s the current condition. However, sediments with particles oriented south HAVE to be at least 780,000 years old

Answer 4

Don’t really know what these hominins look like since these are the only face bits we have Likely they are similar to Homo erectus in Africa and Asia

Answer 5

These fossils probably represent a new wave from Africa. They look like Africa hominins that date to after 700 kya • 600 kya Bodo cranium from Ethiopia and 500 kya Kabwe cranium from Zambia

Answer 6

brought Acheulian handaxe technology with them from Africa – or it was re-invented in Europe We’re in Germany Spain and Greece 600000 bp Much more robust and had fractured skulls likely caused by violence Likely lived in a cave as they did not have many stone tools

Answer 7

1830 Engis Cave, Belgium 1856 Feldhofer Cave Germany 1886 Spy d’Orneau Cave Belgium (2 skeletons) 1890s–1930s Lots of Neandertal discoveries Krapina, Croatia • 1899 • MNI of around 2 dozen • all bones were fragmented • cutmarks, burning = cannibalism? La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France • 1908 • mostly complete • old man with arthritis • “Intentional Burial” La Ferrassie, France • 1907-1922 • 6 individuals • “intentional burials” Shanidar Cave, Iraq • 1950s • 9 individuals • “intentional burials” Infant remains: Roc de Marsal, France • 1960s-70s • 3 year-old child • “intentional burial”

Answer 8

250-40 kya

Answer 9

Mezmaiskaya, Russia • 2 week-old infant • 40,000 ya

Answer 10

Meat and more than you would expect. Hypercarnivores

Answer 11

Wider stalkier build and they were slightly shorter than modern humans but not by much, they also used lots of stone tools Rip cages were cone shaped 1450cc Very strong hands Big face with large eye orbits Big nose Ns seem to be a cold-adapted species: • Apparent physiological adaptations to cold climate • Never moved into warm regions: stayed above 30°north Neandertals disappear around 40,000 years ago. But, why this occurred is not known: Arrival of us modern humans? • They disappear shortly after we arrived in Europe. • We may have overlap with them for less than 2000 years – not very long.

Answer 12

Today, in the modern human genome: • people of European and Asian ancestry have 1 to 2% Neandertal DNA • people of strictly African ancestry have little or none • interbreeding occurred before modern humans reached Asia – in the Middle East?

Answer 13

Circle head triangle cheek bone widest point is high up on sides more rectangular orbits small nasal aperature We lack a retromolar gap ... unlike this Neandertal

Answer 14

Jebel Irhoud, Morocco Omo Kibish, Ethiopia

Answer 15

Until 40,000 bp there was always a variety of hominin species around. How did we, Homo sapiens sapiens, come to be the only hominin species left in the world? Two hypotheses: Complete Replacement or “Out of Africa” and Regional Continuity

Answer 16

1. AMH evolved exclusively in Africa between 300,000 and 150,000 years ago 2. Shortly after 100,000 bp, we spread out from Africa 3.Between 70,000 and 40,000 bp, we replaced all other hominin species in the world (with little interbreeding)

Answer 17

1. AMHevolvedasmultiplepopulationsinmultipleregions across the Old World (Africa, Asia, and Europe) from the local archaic groups 2/ Appeared more or less at same time in Africa, Asia, and Europe 3/ This occurred through constant gene flow between regions: interacted like a single population - not parallel evolution

Answer 18

1/ The fossil record 2/ Genetics: • esp. mtDNA and Y chromosome data a/ Compared to most other animal species, modern humans have a very low degree of variability in our mtDNA b/ Also appears to be a very low degree of variability in the Y chromosome among modern males.

Answer 19

breadth/length X 100 ≤ 75 = dolicocephalic 75-79.9 = mesocephalic 80-84.9 = brachycephalic 85+ = hyperbrachycephalic

Answer 20

• Caucasoid ‘white’ • Mongoloid ‘Asian’ • Australoid Australasians • Negroid ‘Africans’ • Capoid Bushmen of S Africa

Answer 21

Cultural variability was seen as biologically determined and, therefore, inherited in the same way that physical characteristics were. The idea that people of different geographic origin have biologically determined differences – that some are superior to others - is the definition of racism.

Answer 22

The normative view = members of different groups are characterized by discrete traits and so can be easily divided into discrete groups/categories. Studying different people around the world, anthropologists were seeing continuous (not discrete) distributions of traits across “racial” boundaries and between geographic regions. All the traits we can see (and those that are not visible, like blood type) have a clinal distribution – they grade across geographic space in either frequency or form.

Answer 23

Furthermore, of the minor genetic differences between us, there is more difference within any one geographic population than there is between different populations. Individuals with a common geographic ancestry will share some characteristics that may visibly distinguish them from individuals from other geographic regions (eye colour, head shape) ... ... but, in fact, they typically have more genetic differences between them than either one has with individuals from distant geographic regions (blood type, eye colour, hair type, etc. etc.).

Answer 24

Temporary = acclimatization Permanent= evolution

Answer 25

The change involved: • settling in permanent villages (sedentism) • practicing agriculture (producing our food) • living in larger groups Exposure to new disease vectors: • more people living in close proximity • human waste • food refuse • dogs • rats and mice • insects (fleas, lice)

Final Flashcards

(49 cards)