Final Flashcards
(52 cards)
what is childhood maltreatment?
Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm
what is neglect?
when a child’s basic needs aren’t being met
what are the different types of neglect?
physical, educational (includes not attending to special education needs, truancy), emotional
explain the results of the Child Maltreatment and emotion recognition task
- (1) Sensitivity to differences between facial expressions – neglected children less accurate
- (2) Bias towards labeling a particular stimulus as a particular emotion
- Physically abused children show a bias for angry faces
- Neglected children show a bias for sad faces (not sure why)
- Two reasons for those findings:
- (1) Visually, children cannot discriminate between the faces
- (2) They have different understanding of the emotional displays
explain the results of the Emotion discrimination task? (Asked if expressions are same or different)
- No differences between three groups on this task
- It is not that physically abused and neglected children cannot see the differences
explain the results of the Emotion differentiation task
- Neglected children perceived less distinction between angry, sad, fearful facial expressions
- Physically abused children and control children perceived more distinction between anger and other negative emotions
at what age was there a difference in anger perception?
at age 7 – abused kids recognize angry faces earlier than control
children who had experienced _________ needed ____ information to accurately identify angry faces than control children
physical abuse; less
__________ children needed ______ information than control children to identify sad faces
Physically abused; more
explain diathesis-stress model in terms of alleles
- In adults, short allele is associated with increased depression, but only for those who experience significant life stress
- Diathesis – short allele
- Stress – life stress
Low MAOA activity and maltreatment predict _____ in adulthood
antisocial behaviour
what are the exposure criteria for PTSD?
- Need exposure to a Criterion A stressor:
- Actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violation
- Direct experience
- Witness it in person
- Learns that it happened to a close family member or friend
- Experiences repeated exposure to details of event (i.e., vicarious trauma)
Expanded criteria for criterion A trauma
- Recent scholarship acknowledging consistent experienced and vicarious exposure to racism as experiences of trauma
- Recent review of meta-analyses shows discrimination has = to stronger impact on youth mental health outcomes than traumatic experiences/maltreatment such as neglect
what are the 4 core features of PTSD?
Intrusion (1 required)
- Recurrent, involuntary, memories (may see this in children as play episodes); flashbacks, nightmares, intense physical distress to reminders of the events, marked physiological reactivity to stressor
Avoidance (1 required)
- Avoiding thoughts or feelings related to the trauma; avoiding stimuli related to the trauma
Extreme arousal (two required)
- Difficulty falling or staying asleep, irritable/aggressive behavior, hypervigilance, easily startled, difficulty concentrating, self-destructive behavior
Negative cognitions and mood (two required)
- Inability to recall key features of the event, persistent negative beliefs about self or world; distorted blame of self or others; persistent negative trauma related emotions (e.g., horror, shame); diminished in activities; alienation from others; inability to experience positive emotions
explain criteria for PTSD in Children 6 years of age and younger
- Presence of one or more symptoms of intrusion
- One or more symptoms of avoidance and/or negative cognitions
- Two or more symptoms of extreme arousal
- Symptoms may be expressed through play
- Re-enactment
- More behaviorally anchored
- “Feelings of detachment or estrangement from others” = social withdrawal
- “Persistent inability to experience positive emotions” = Persistent reduction in expression of positive emotions
- Irritability expanded to include tantrums
what is acute stress disorder?
- Characterized by:
- The development during or within 1 month after exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor of at least nine symptoms associated with intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal
- Children who react to more common (and less severe) forms of stress in an unusual or disproportionate manner may qualify for a diagnosis of adjustment disorder
what is reactive attachment disorder?
- A consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers, manifested by both of the following:
(1) The child rarely or minimally seeks comfort when distressed
(2) The child rarely or minimally responds to comfort when distressed - (B) A persistent social and emotional disturbance characterized by at least two of the following:
(1) Minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others
(2) Limited positive affect
(3) Episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness or fearfulness that are evident - (C) The child has experienced a pattern in the form of persistent lack of having basic emotional needs met by at least one of the following:
(1) Social neglect or deprivation in the form of persistent lack of having basic emotional needs met
(2) Repeated changes of primary caregivers that limit opportunities to form stable attachments
(3) Rearing in unusual settings that severely limit opportunities to form selective attachments - (D) The care in Criterion C is presumed to be responsible for the disturbed behavior in Criterion A
what is the cut-off criteria for reactive attachment disorder?
- (E) The criteria are not met for autism spectrum disorder.
- (F) The disturbance is evident before 5 years of age.
- (G) The child has a developmental age of at least 9 months
- Specify if: Persistent: The disorder has been present for more than 12 months.
- Specify if: Severe: When a child exhibits all symptoms of the disorder, with each symptom manifesting at relatively high levels
what is Disinhibited social engagement disorder?
- (A) A pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults and exhibits at least two of the following:
(1) Reduced or absent reticence in approaching and interacting with unfamiliar adults.
(2) Overly familiar verbal or physical behavior
(3) Diminished or absent checking back with adult care-giver after venturing away
(4) Willingness to go off with an unfamiliar adult with minimal or no hesitation. - (B) The behaviors in Criterion A are not limited to impulsivity (as in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) but include socially disinhibited behavior.
- (C) The child has experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care as evidenced by at least one of the following:
(1) Social neglect or deprivation in the form of persistent lack of having basic emotional needs for comfort, stimulation, and affection met by caregiving adults.
(2) Repeated changes of primary caregivers that limit opportunities to form stable attachments
(3) Rearing in unusual settings that severely limit opportunities to form selective attachments
(4) The care in Criterion C is presumed to be responsible for the disturbed behavior in Criterion A
(5) The child has a developmental age of at least 9 months. - Specify if: Persistent: The disorder has been present for more than 12 months.
- Specify if: Severe: When a child exhibits all symptoms of the disorder, with each symptom manifesting at relatively high levels.
explain TF-CBT child-centered therapy
- Focuses on establishing a trusting relationship with the therapist
- Encourages parents and children to structure treatment
- Decide when and how to address the trauma
- Therapist provides active listening and empathy, and encourages parents and children to develop strategies for coping with what happened
what are the outcomes of TF-CBT?
Child effects:
* Fewer PTSD sx
* Less shame
* Less depression
* Fewer total problems
* Greater trust
Parent effects:
* Less parent depression
* Less self-blame
* More support of child
* Better parenting in general
what is the correlated factors model?
Different domains are simply positively associated with each other
what is the hierarchical model?
- Different domains of psychopathology cause specific disorders
- Higher-order factor causes different domains
- Higher order factor indirectly causes specific disorders (mediated through domains)
- General psychopathology causes which disorder I present with at any given time
what is the bifactor model?
- Specific factors cause specific disorders
- General psychopathology also directly causes disorders
what is the symptom networks viewpoint?
- Symptoms across different disorders cause each other
- There is no underlying p or risk for general psychopathology that explains everything
- Implication: intervening on central symptom or ‘node’ that sets things in motion can prevent psychopathology
