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REN R 350 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

Heterogeneity

A

Geologic complexity that occurs over varying spatial scales

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2
Q

Withdrawals

A

total water volume removed from rivers or groundwater systems (temporary or long term)

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3
Q

Consumptive Use

A

Portion of total volume withdrawn that involves substantial evaporative, drainage, or other loss during use

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4
Q

Return Flow

A

The water delivered back to the stream or ground water withdrawn (withdrawal minus competitive use)

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5
Q

Water balance equation

A

0 = P(+) + ET(-) +Q(-) +/- S

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6
Q

watershed

A

a topographically delineated area of land that collects and discharges surface streamflow through one outlet (steam or river)

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7
Q

If P < Q + ET

A

Decrease in storage

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8
Q

if P > Q + ET

A

Increase in storage

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9
Q

Forms of Energy (3)

A
  • Radiation (Q*+)
  • Thermal energy (sensible heat) (Qh(-) Qg(-))
  • Kinetic Energy (Latent Heat) (Qe(-)
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10
Q

Transfer Mechanism of Qg

A

Conduction

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11
Q

Transfer mechanism Qh (Sensible Heat)

A

Convection

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12
Q

Transfer Mechanism Qe (Latent Heat Exchange)

A

Evaporation

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13
Q

Day time (noon, summer, warm and moist)

A

Qe > Qh > Qg

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14
Q

Day time (noon, late summer, warm and dry)

A

Qh > Qe > Qg

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15
Q

Nighttime (midnight, early summer, cool)

A

Qg > Qh > Qe

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16
Q

leaf litter

A

leaf litter acts a a thermal insulator, keeping Qg very small; acts as a vapour barrier when dry, keeping Qe small; as a result Qh is the largest mode of dissipation

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17
Q

Bowens ratio

A

Qh / Qe

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18
Q

Bowens ratio <1

A

Qh < Qe
evaporation dominates
daytime moist conditions

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19
Q

Bowens ratio >1

A

Qh > Qe
heat production dominates
night time, dry conditions

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20
Q

ea

A

ambient vapor pressure
vapor pressure in air mass at ambient temperature

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21
Q

es

A

saturation vapor pressure
max. amount of vapor pressure that can exist in air mass at ambient temperature

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22
Q

Ta

A

ambient temperature
also called dry bulb temperature

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23
Q

Td

A

Dew point temperature
Temperature where condensation occurs (es=ea)

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24
Q

Tw

A

wet bulb temperature
where evaporatice cooling depresses temperature, usually obtained with a psychrometer

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25
Relative Humidity (%)
ea / es
26
Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD)
es-ea
27
Lapse Rate
Vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere
28
Environmental Lapse rate
existing (REAL) temperature profile with elevation that is present
29
Adiabatic rate
the rate at which air masses cool as they rise only due to changes in atmospheric pressure
30
Ta
Stable atmosphere
31
Ta>Te
unstable atmosphere
32
Orographic Storms
Forced lifting caused by topography air masses cool when riding up over the land surface
33
Cyclonic and frontal storms
forced lifting warm air and cold air masses in collision often involve oceanic air masses
34
Convective Storms
Combination of forced lifting and unstable air heating at ground surface and above air ... convective air movement occurs atmosphere also usually highly unstable
35
Probability (p)
p = m / (n+1)
36
Return Period (Tr)
Tr = 1 / p
37
Snow Accumulation --> Influential Factors
Elevation Slope and Aspect Wind Vegetation
38
Ablation
the total loss of water from a snowpack by snowmelt plus evaporation / sublimation
39
Snowmelt
Amount of liquid water produced by melting of snow that leaves the snowpack
40
Snowmelt Phases
Warming Ripening Output
41
Cold content
measure of "energy" needed to raise the average temperature of a snowpack to the melting point
42
Warming phase
increase in snowpack temperature to ) degrees (cold content)
43
Ripening Phase
Snowmelt increases the liquid water content snow, but no output from the bottom of the snowpack
44
Liquid water holding capacity
water held against gravity on snow crystals and in capillary channels in the snowpack
45
Output Phase
Once ripe, any additional melt will be output from bottom of snowpack
46
Interception storage capacity
the amount of water held in all aerial portions of the vegetation and in the litter
47
Dalton's mass transfer equation
early approach E = F (VPD & wind)
48
Penman Combination approach
combined mass transfer with energy availability
49
Penman - Monteith
Incorporated turbulent transfer (atmospheric conductance) and stomatal behaviour (canopy conductance)
50
PET
- represents the max. ET possible (given the atmospheric moisture demand) - actual ET is generally < PET - usually a quick estimate for management purposes Purely an expression of atmospheric demand for moisture
51
Gravimetric (0g)
(mass wet - mass dry) / (mass dry)
52
Volumetric (0v)
(mass wet - mass dry) / (volume wet)
53
Total storage
0v x Profile depth
54
storage opportunity has an inverse relationship with
soil moisture content
55
Detention Storage
(SWC - FC) x Profile depth
56
Retention Storage opportunity
(FC-FMC) x Profile depth
57
infiltration process usually starts with ...
unsaturated conditions (initially metric potential dominates) Pressure potential dominates later on in the infiltration process
58
infiltration capacity
maximum rate at which water can enter soil under continually flooded conditions
59
capillary fringe
region above the water table with water drawn up by capillary action
60
water table
the level below which the ground is saturated with water
61
Cone of depression
lowering of the water table around a pumping well
62
Sufactants
Wetting agents used in treating fire induced water repellency to minimize their effect on filtration
63
concrete frost
soil is saturated before freezing (no infiltration)
64
granular frost
soil is moist but not saturated before freezing (some infiltration)
65
Possible flow pathways
1 - Infiltration excess overland flow 2 - baseflow - deeper groundwater flow 3 - subsurface storm flow (interflow) 4 - return flow 5 - Channel interception
66
Stage
Measure of steam elevation relative to a benchmark or datum
67
m
rank #
68
n
length of record
69
Probability of no occurrences in N years
(1 - p)^N
70
Hydrologic Cycle
The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves; includes such processes as evaporation, precipitation, and surface and groundwater runoff
71
Ideal Gas Law
PV=nRT
72
specific heat capacity
the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance one degree
73
Time of Concentration (Tc)
The time it takes for the hydrologically most remote drop of runoff to work its way through the system
74
Measuring Discharge
Q = V A
75
Channel interception
rain falling directly on the stream (very small amount)
76
ephemeral streams
streams that carry water only occasionally after heavy rainstorms
77
perennial stream
flows year round
78
intermittent stream
flows only at certain times
79
Bank storage
occurs when the flow of water in the channel rises to a elevation higher than water table to the adjacent aquifer that is discharging into the river channel
80
Hortonian Flow
Streamflow originates from 2 sources - base flow - stormflow Primary mechanism --> surface runoff (overland flow)
81
Variable Source Area concept
most of the storm flow generated by sub-surface flows - infiltration NOT limiting - watershed area not a direct index of flow response - only part of a watershed is making contributes to storm flow --> size of the area changes over time
82
Tov
Time for overland flow form most distant part of watershed to reach outlet
83
Tch
time it would take water at the top end of the channel to flow to the outlet
84
Dendritic
regions with uniform, erodible geology
85
Trellis
regions with alternating bands of hard and softer strata
86
Rectangular
regions with right angled faults / folding
87
Parallel
regions with pronounced local slopes
88
low order watersheds
smaller watershed, higher stream density
89
high order watersheds
large watershed, lower stream intensity
90
Strahler
most common method (start at 1) 1 + 1 = 2 2 + 2 = 3 1 + 3 = 3
91
Shreve
start at 1 add everything 1 + 1 = 2 1 + 3 = 4
92
stage
water elevation relative to some datum or benchmark
93
rating curve
relationship between stage and Q
94
Pool
deep, slow
95
Glide
Transitional (tail of pool), accelerating
96
Riffle
Shallow, fast, turbulent
97
Run
Fast, Steady gradient, not turbulent
98
Velocity variation
varies depending on bed conditions - Smooth --> low n - Rough --> high n
99
Manning-Chezy equation
V = A(1 . 5/ n) r ^(2 / 3) s^(1 / 2) A = cross-sectional flow area Wp = Wetted perimeter r = hydraulic radius = A/Wp s = slope gradient of water surface n = roughness coefficient channel

REN R 350 (1 decks)

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