Final

Question 1

Introducing Legislation

Answer 1

women more likely to initiate leg on women’s interests etc.

Question 2

shaping party agenda

Answer 2

when the amount of women increase the amount of attention to social justice issues etc also inso increase, more left leaning agenda, more issues in general

Question 3

voting on leg.

Answer 3

gender effects conditioned on party cohesion as a result of psych factors and party discipline. In leg where cohesion is high, no voting difference between men/women. women rely on parties more and less likely to rebel so women cohesion is stronger

Question 4

differences between men and women affect behavior in office

Answer 4

have different life experiences, distinct perspectives of same event, women share experience with other women, women spend more time with other women

Question 5

differences in men/women politicians

Answer 5

different governing styles, distinct issue preferences and priorities, different resources

Question 6

DR make a difference in politics

Answer 6

can be problematic (actors who work against group they represent), creates high bar and asks for them to do work on behalf of minority group

Question 7

Jill Robinson effect

Answer 7

women leg bring more $ back to district. women outperform men bc of barriers to power women are overqualified etc.

Question 8

differences in selections/incentives/expectations of female leg

Answer 8

in LA as women’s presence increases they are more likely to be placed on less powerful committees, men want to defend scarce resource, men push women out of economic issues so women leg on social issues

Question 9

substantive representation

Answer 9

congruence between reps actions and the interests of represented. reps “act for” represented, consideration of a specific group in decision making arenas, women SR considered when women’s interests are considered

Question 10

what are women’s issues

Answer 10

3 ways of defining: 1) issues the pertain to women normally private sphere and traditional view of gender, issues disproportionally affect women. 2.) women’s policy preferences, gender gap in prioritization (climate, guns) 3) gender is deeply engrained in society all issues can be gendered, one just makes a claim about any issue on behalf of women

Question 11

how do you know if a group is SR

Answer 11

outcomes: adoption of policy for group vs process: effort to rep group interests in political process. Argentina study # of women increase # of women’s rights bills increase but don’t pass. SR affect process but not outcomes

Question 12

mandate effects

Answer 12

descriptive rep feel obligated to rep group interests, seen in places with quotas (also in argentina study)

Question 13

marginalized/label effects

Answer 13

minority reps relegated to working on unimportant policy issues.

Question 14

linking SR and DR women change mens behavior

Answer 14

men look to women as leaders on women’s issues, male judges turn to female colleagues on women’s issues etc.

Question 15

symbolic representation

Answer 15

feelings of being fairly and effectively represented. not about who reps or what they do but how they are perceived and evaluated

Question 16

how symbolic rep is measured

Answer 16

citizen’s confidence or trust in politicians/institutions, feelings of political efficacy, levels of political engagement

Question 17

symbolic rep of women=more women’s policy

Answer 17

women politicians offer powerful symbolic cues, however women are overall engaged less in politics and citizens where women are well represented but NOT more engaged. maybe institutions elect more women bc they are trustworthy

Question 18

substantive legitimacy

Answer 18

belief that substantive representation has occurred (there is the right outcome)

Question 19

procedural legitimacy

Answer 19

belief that institutions work properly/fairly

Question 20

legitimacy experiment

Answer 20

regardless of outcome, women’s pressence legitimizes decision and increases trust in institution, women’s pressence= SL even if outcome is anti-woman

Question 21

good effects of DR

Answer 21

countries with larger gains in women in parliament had large increase of confidence among women citizens

Question 22

virtuous cycle

Answer 22

presence of female leg increases women conventional political participation, countries with increase in # women MPs increase in belief about women’s ability to govern

Question 23

candidate trainings

Answer 23

teach candidate nuts and bolts, skill building which boosts self-esteem, networking oppertunities

Question 24

role model effect

Answer 24

women politicians to whom potential women aspirants relate

Question 25

exclusion mobilizing

Answer 25

women have increased ambition when an all male council legislates on women's rights,

Question 26

How DR and SR affect women

Answer 26

DR can change how women feel about politics and how men feel about women in politics, role models don't always increase women's candidacies and sometimes exclusion is motivating

Question 27

gender quotas

Answer 27

affirmative action policies that promote inclusion of underrepresented groups in politics, women got tired of waiting and changed from supply issue to demand issue

Question 28

origins of quotas

Answer 28

argentina in 1990s, women's coalitions pushing for adoption increase a countries prob of adoption

Question 29

adoption of quotas and political elites

Answer 29

recognize strategic advantage of adoption: with intl donors and govs. at home with women and voters. in developing countires who are more reliant on foreign aide more likelyhood of quotas

Question 30

quota adoption by men

Answer 30

interparty competition attempt to separate their party from other left leaning parties, intraparty comp: gain control over candidate selection by challenging local monopolies

Question 31

voluntary quota

Answer 31

adopted at party level targeting candidates,

Question 32

mandatory quota

Answer 32

at national level, targets candidates

Question 33

designates seats in leg

Answer 33

only x amount soley reserved for and can only be filled by women, different than saying x% of candidates must be women, can be both a ceiling and a floor

Question 34

do quotas work

Answer 34

increase in women's rep but at lower levels than leg by law, reserved seats always effective,

Question 35

pros of quotas

Answer 35

increase in supply and demand, does not discriminate but compensate for barriers that prevent women, political parties control nominations making nore transparent and formal

Question 36

cons of quotas

Answer 36

delegitimizes women hurt substantive/procedural legitimacy, tradeoff of other identities can still value privilege, creates a ceiling not a floor,

Question 37

candidacy competency effects

Answer 37

after a quota is put in place increase in male rep competency

Question 38

gender quota and gov spending

Answer 38

spending on public health increased after quota adopting, especial

Question 39

unconventional participation

Answer 39

political activity that does not place directly within formal political institutions,

Question 40

women protest nonviolently when

Answer 40

political rights not respected, higher GDP per capita, in anocracies, greater # of women's groups

Question 41

social movements

Answer 41

group of people with a common interest who work together either to change a policy and/or change how society perceives something

Question 42

gender affect participation in social movements

Answer 42

gendered experiences can encourage women to mobilize, gender identities often define which issues mobilize women, gendered tactics

Question 43

gender tactics

Answer 43

use non-threatening gender image to make a point

Question 44

women's movements

Answer 44

movements where women are major actors/leaders, organized around participants expressed identity as a woman, movement definition articulation and issue resolution are specific to women developed/organized with reference to their gender identity

Question 45

feminist movements

Answer 45

efforts led by women explicitlly challenging women's subordination,

Question 46

political process theory

Answer 46

how the change of movement activity is related to the opening and closing of political opportunities, once political opportunity is available psych and resources become important. need cognitive liberation and pre-existing organizational network and protestors are rational

Question 47

cognitive liberation

Answer 47

group must move from isolated, victimized perspective to a sense of collective empowerment

Question 48

women's coalitions/movements aid in adoption of women friendly policy by

Answer 48

identifying policy gaps, proposing specific policy solutions, adapting proposals to national context, signaling domestic support, signaling broad based multi ethnic support (especially in africa)

Question 49

Ni Una Menos

Answer 49

started to stop femicide, framed abortion decriminalization as social justice issue connected to claims about gender violence, used already developed network

Question 50

backlash effects

Answer 50

inside capital where pride parade was held increase in support for LGBT but outside city this support didn't diffuse

Question 51

hegemonic masculinity

Answer 51

gender dominant representation of men reflecting normative behavior ideals for males (in a culture in a particular period) regardless of the actual prevalence of said behavior

Question 52

effects of hegemonic masculinity

Answer 52

promote stereotypical masculine heterosexual values, legitimizes men's dominant position in society, creates hierarchies among men