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Human Development > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

malocclusion

A

condition where the upper + lower teeth do not meet properly

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2
Q

rough and tumble play

A

friendly chasing and play-fighting

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3
Q

dominance hierarchy

A

stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises

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4
Q

nocturnal enuresis

A

bedwetting

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5
Q

decentralization

A

ability to focus on several aspects of a problem

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6
Q

reversibility

A

thinking through a series of steps and returning to the starting point

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7
Q

seriation

A

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight

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8
Q

transference inference

A

ability to arrange things mentally

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9
Q

cognitive maps

A

mental representation of spaces

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10
Q

rehearsal

A

repeating items to oneself

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11
Q

organization

A

grouping related items together

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12
Q

elaboration

A

creating a relationship between pieces of information from different categories

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13
Q

simultaneous bilinguals

A

parents expose them to both languages at the same time in infancy + early childhood

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14
Q

sequential bilinguals

A

preschool and school-age children acquire a second language after they already speak the language of their cultural heritage

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15
Q

code switching

A

producing an utterance in one language that contains one or more “guest” words from the other w/o violating the grammar of either language

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16
Q

traditional classrooms

A

the teacher is the sole authority

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17
Q

constructivist classrooms

A

children are active agents who reflect on + coordinate their own thoughts

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18
Q

social-constructivist classrooms

A

children jointly construct understandings with teachers + peers

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19
Q

educational self-fulfilling prophecies

A

children may adopt teacher’s positive or negative views

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20
Q

learning disabilities

A

great difficulty w 1 or more aspects of learning, usually reading

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21
Q

giftedness

A

displaying exceptional intellectual strengths

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22
Q

social comparison

A

judgments of one’s self based on comparisons to others around you

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23
Q

mastery-oriented attributions

A

crediting success to ability

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24
Q

growth mindset

A

ability can increase through effort + effective strategies

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25
fixed mindset
ability is set in stone and cannot be improved by trying hard
26
process praise
emphasizes behavior + effort
27
person praise
emphasizing child's traits
28
learned helplessness
attribute failures to ability rather than success
29
attribution retaining
intervention that encourages learned-helpless children to believe they can overcome failure by exerting more effort + using more effective strategies
30
problem-center coping
children assess the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty and decide what to do about it
31
emotion-center coping
internal, private and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about outcome
32
peer groups
collective that generate unique values + standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders + followers
33
peer acceptance
refers to likability - the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates, as a worthy social partner
34
popular children
those who get many positive views (well-liked)
35
rejected children
those who get many negative views (disliked)
36
controversial children
those who receive many votes, both + and -
37
neglected children
those who are seldom mentioned, either + or -
38
average children
those who receive average numbers of + and - votes and account for about 1/3 of children in a typical elementary school classroom
39
peer victimization
a destructive form of interaction in which certain children become targets of verbal + physical attacks or other forms of abuse
40
divorce mediation
increases out-of-court settlements and parents' cooperation in child rearing
41
blended families
when a parent, stepparent and children form a new family structure
42
puberty
a flood of biological events leading to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity
43
adolescence
the transition between childhood + adulthood
44
primary sexual characteristics
physical changes that involve the reproductive organs directly
45
menarche
(girls) first menstruation
46
spermarche
(boys) first ejaculation
47
secondary sexual characteristics
visible + serve as additional signs of sexual maturity
48
anorexia nervosa
compulsive fear of gaining weight leads some young people to starve themselves
49
bulimia nervosa
individuals engage in binge-eating followed by purging, excessive exercise or fasting
50
binge-eating
binging without purging leads to weight gain + obesity
51
hypothetico-deductive thinking
(1) starts w a hypothesis or prediction (2) form the hypothesis (3) variables are systematically isolated + combined to see which inferences are confirmed in the real world
52
propositional thought
adolescents ability to evaluate the logic of propositions (verbal statements) w/o referring to real-world circumstances
53
imaginary audience
adolescents' belief that they are the focus of attention
54
personal fable
adolescents' unreasonable high opinion of their importance + uniqueness
55
fantasy period
in early + middle childhood, children gain insight into career options
56
tentative period
at 11-16, adolescents evaluate career in terms of interest, abilities + values
57
realistic period
late teens + early 20s, narrow their options
58
exploration
gathering more information about possibilities
59
crystallization
focus on a general vocational category, experimentation + selection of occupation
60
achievement
high commitment, high exploration
61
moratorium
exploration w/o commitment
62
foreclosure
commitment w/o exploration
63
diffusion
lack of commitment + exploration
64
autonomy
the sense of oneself as separate, self-governing individual
65
acculturative stress
stress that emerges due to conflicts adjusting to a new culture of the host society
66
cliches
voluntary groups of 3-10 friends that are similar in background, attitudes, values + interests
67
crowds
larger groups made up of several cliches

Human Development (1 decks)

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