final

Question 1

Define point of entry household water treatment. What issues does it address?

Answer 1

Whole home filtration system installed where the water enters the house

Addresses issues of hard water from calcium and magnesium and taste and odor due to chlorine

Question 2

Define point of use filters.

Answer 2

Treats a portion of water in the home that would not be used for bathing or cleaning
Most systems are used for drinking water and cooking use through a separate tap rather than the faucet
Installed under sink or at the beginning of the fridge water
Most common are carbon filtration systems that improve taste and odor

Question 3

Define reverse osmosis

Answer 3

The processes of osmosis and reverse
A reverse osmosis membrane is a semi permanent membrane that allows the passage of water molecules but not the majority of dissolved salts, organics, and microorganisms
water is pushed through the reverse osmosis membrane by applying pressue that is greater than the naturally occuring osmotic pressure in order to desalinate water in the process
This allows pure water through while holding back a majority of the contaminants
Reverse osmosis membrance rejects contaminants based on their size and charge

Question 4

Define the clean water act

Answer 4

The clean water act addresses water pollution and discharges
Enacted in 1948 and amended in 1972
Established a structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the US
Gave EPA authority to establish pollution control programs

Question 5

Define the Safe Drinking Water Act

Answer 5

Protects public drinking water supplies throughout the US
EPA set standards for drinking water quality and implements various programs to ensure drinking water safety

Question 6

Define the drinking water contaminant candidate list (CCL)

Answer 6

A list of contaminants that are currently not subject to any proposed or promulgated national primary drinking water regulations but are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems

Question 7

Define watewater-based epidemiology

Answer 7

a method to understand the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events using wastewater samples from the sewershed
non-invasice, unbiased, population-level, near real time status

Question 8

How did the Greeks have a history in wastewater?

Answer 8

Beginning of plumbing and drainage in Greece began in 1500 BC
Prior to the 19th century, Greece had the most developed waste managment of any division

Question 9

Describe the steps of wastewater treatment

Answer 9

1. Transportation to WWTP through WW system
2. Preliminary treatment: SEDIMENTATION - removes grit, rags, and solids that float and may harm other operations at the WWTP(bar racks, mechanical screens, grit chamber)
3. Primary treatment: sewage flows slowly to frit tanks where particles of sand and grit settle out - fine particles remain suspended in sewage so it is passed to large primary sedimentation tanks where most of the remaining particles settle out to form sludge
4. Secondary treatment: biological process that involves the oxidization of dissolved organis material by microogranisms to decompose the organic compounds (filter beds and activated sludge), increases oxygen availibility
5. Tertiary treatment: only used if necessary to reduce plant nutrients or toxic compounds beyond acceptable levels (nutrient stripping, UV disinfection, filter membrance)

Question 10

How is advanced purified watre treatment proposing to be used?

Answer 10

A portion of treated WW will go directly to an advanced water purification facility where the purified water becomes a new source of drinking water to increase drinking supply

Question 11

What are the two methods used in secondary ww treatment?

Answer 11

1. Filter beds: liquid is sprayed slowly over beds of broken stone or gravel which provide a large surface area for oxidization microbes living eithin filter beds to break down organic matter - liquid that collected at the base of the filter bed contains some waste products that are then separated from effulent and sent to sedimentation tanks producing more sludge
2. Activated sludge: a sludge containing bacteria and other organisms is mixed with the liquid and the whole mixture is agitated by paddles or has compressed are bubbles through it to keep it well oxygenated - process lasts ten hours then mixture flows to sedimentation tanks where sludge settles out from effluent

Question 12

What gas can be produced by the digestion of sewage sludge?

Answer 12

Methane

Question 13

Why implement drinking water treatment?

Answer 13

1. Remove the things that can cause disease
2. Remove the things that can create nucances
   Overall goal of protecting public health

Question 14

Name some health-related contamiants

Answer 14

Pathogens
Inorganic agents (arsenic, lead, nitrate, nitrite)
Disinfection byproducts formed during cholrination

Question 15

Name some aesthetic contaminants (affect appearance, odor, and taste)

Answer 15

Iron, magnesium, and calcium (taste and hardness)
Chlorine and Chloromine (taste and hardness)
Organic Colloidal particales (color)
hydrogen sulfide has (bacterial anaerobic decay causing odor)
turbidity (suspended solids)

Question 16

Name the steps of water treatment

Answer 16

1. Assessing intake water: cornerstone of water treatment, when groundwater is involved first concern is to design an intake that draws in the least possible amount of soil and sand; surface water intake must be adapted to various elements that water sources may contain
2. Chemical action: Prechlorination is when chlorine is applied to water immediately after entering treatment facility - eliminated algea and other forms of aquatic life so they won’t cause issues later; aluminum sulfate added as a coagulant to bind fine particles; CaOH added to adjust pH
3. Sedimentation Basins: water moves slowly causing heavy particles to settle to the bottom; flock/sludge sinks to bottom of basin
4. Filtration: water flows through filter designed to remove particles; filters made of layers of sand and gravel or crushed anthricite; filtration collects the suspended impurities which enhances the effectiveness of disinfection
5. Disinfection: ensures that any pathograns are destoyed, usually using chlorine; provides residual disinfectant

Question 17

What system is used for treatment of water with a surface water intake?

Answer 17

Filtration system to control microorganisms, turbidity, color, taste, and odor

Question 18

What system is used to treat water from a groundwater intake?

Answer 18

Removal of manganese, arsenic, iron, CO2, and HSO common in groundwater

Question 19

Define hardness

Answer 19

Results from presence of magnesium and calcium ions in water; associated with groundwater

Question 20

Define flouridation

Answer 20

Fluoride added to drinking water supply

Question 21

How do you mitigate taste and odor control

Answer 21

oxidation using chlorine, ozone, potassium permanganate or granular activated carbon

Question 22

How do you mitigate corrosion control in pipes

Answer 22

Lyme and soda ash increases pH to reduce corrosion
Sinz orthophosphate lines the inside of pipes as protection

Question 23

Where is the best location for WW sampling for analyzing infection trends of a community?

Answer 23

Primary tanks

Question 24

Where is the best location for WW sampling for analyzing the infection status of a university campus?

Answer 24

Building level sampling

Question 25

Where is the best location for WW sampling for analyzing if the virus was removed during treatment?

Answer 25

Effluent

Question 26

What are the components of wastewater?

Answer 26

99.9% water 0.1% - organic and inorganic compounds and microorganisms: Ca, Cl, Mg, Na Heavy metals, pesticides, fats, oils, grease fungi, viruses, bacteria, protazoa

Question 27

What are the three main application of WW epi?

Answer 27

1. Antimicrobial resistance: caused by misuse and overuse of antibiotics; AMR in wastewater mirrors clinical antibiotic resistance prevalnce 2. Virus Detection: i.e. covid, enterovirus, polio 3. Illicit drugs: tracks drug consumption in populations (why WBE was proposed)

Question 28

What was the first effort for WW based epi?

Answer 28

Polio in NY and Newhaven

Question 29

Describe the pros and cons for WBE

Answer 29

Pros: Longitudinal trends can indicate local clusters high per sample cost but low per capita non invasive, non intrustive and unbiased Cons: requires normalization and knowlegde of catchement prone to inibition no clear guidelines available

Question 30

What is the issue with water crises in mass media?

Answer 30

sensationalism and blame, political undertones

Question 31

What are talking points for presentations?

Answer 31

What do you want people to learn? Statements that are specific to a topic (opinions and may elicit discussion) help keep presentation focused and on message with the most important points that need to be addressed

Question 32

What are the common characteristics of news stories regarding water and health?

Answer 32

Acute event, emphasized negative aspects, misuse of terms, presents as a conflict, may be politically driven, political undertones Invloves experts and may provide call to action

Question 33

What is water conservation and sustainability? Why is it important?

Answer 33

The development, control, and protection of water resources Important for maintaining quality water in the amounts needed for basic needs

Question 34

T/F: Water quantity influences water quality

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What are the primary driver of water conservation in Texas?

Answer 35

1. Efficient use of water 2. Economical cost savings

Question 36

Name some water conservation efforts to be done at home.

Answer 36

1. Identifying and stopping leaks 2. Reduce water use outdoors (climate appropriate landscaping, watering lawns efficiently) 3. Use water-efficient equipment (low flow toilets, efficient shower heads and washing machines) 4. Change behaviors (turning off water while brushing teeth, fuller loads of laundry and dishes)

Question 37

Name some water conservations effort from cities.

Answer 37

Conservation efforts are focused on water efficient landscaping and irrigation and the management of nutrients and possible pollutants i.e. Stormwater management, rainwater harvesting, urban stream and reservoir protection from erosion and sedimentation

Question 38

What is the top priority of water sustainability in cities? Why?

Answer 38

Stormwater management Stormwater is a primary source of water pollution in cities that carries both microbial and chemical hazards that can come into , impacts sediment and contributes to erosion, negatively impacts water quality, and increases run off Creates public hazard by accumulating and causes flooding that creates an increase in the concentration of pollutants that present a public health hazard

Question 39

What is storm water? Why does this occur?

Answer 39

Precipitation that does not soak into the ground Can be caused by impermeable surfaces (streets, parking lots, sidewalks) prevent the precipitation from soaking naturally into the ground.

Question 40

Name some structures that manage storm water erosion and flooding.

Answer 40

1. sediment traps and basins 2. earth dykes 3. detention ponds 4. vegetation

Question 41

What are the nine key steps to the EPA's watershed protection plan?

Answer 41

1. Causes/Source of pollution identified 2. Expected load reductions for solutions identified (nutrient and sediment loads) 3. Nonpoint source management measures identified (best management practices that address issues in first element) 4. Technical and Financial Assistance needed 5. Education and outreach (identifying and engaging relevant stakeholders) 6. Implementation schedule (timeline) 7. Milestones identifies 8. Load reduction evaluation criteria (review process to ensure goals are met) 9. Monitoring

Question 42

What does addressing water conservation and sustainability look like globally?

Answer 42

Promotes sustainable agriculture Empowers farmers and women Informs communities

Question 43

How much of the world's population is projected to face water scarity by 2025?

Answer 43

2/3

Question 44

Agriculture is responsible for ____% of water withdrawls but _____% of the water consumption

Answer 44

70, 90

Question 45

Globally, the agricultureal sector uses about ____% of the planet's accessible freshwater. More than twice that of the industry _____% and much greater than what is used for municipal purposes _______%

Answer 45

70, 23, 8

Question 46

The average American uses ____ gallons of water per day

Answer 46

100

Question 47

A swimming pool can lose about _____ gallons of water a month to evaporation

Answer 47

1000

Question 48

A small bag of peanut candy neds how many gallons of water to be made?

Answer 48

300

Question 49

Each person needs approximately _____ gallons of water per day for basic necessities

Answer 49

5 - 13

Question 50

There are approximately _____ water main breaks each day in the US

Answer 50

700

Question 51

T/F: Approximately 1/2 of pipes in water systems that deliver water to more than 100,000 people are at least 40 years old

Answer 51

False, it is 1/3

Question 52

The average home in the US uses ______ gallons of water outdoors every year mostly for irrigation

Answer 52

58000

Question 53

What is the water related issue with population growth?

Answer 53

Has the greatest influence on water by effecting water usage Urbanization impacts sanitation infrastructure and water quality Leads to greater demand for food that increases agricultural use The global water consumption rate doubles every 20 years, double the rate of population growth If trend continues, water demand will surpass water availability

Question 54

What is the issue with water rights?

Answer 54

Many water conflicts throughout world Ex. India-China Brahmpautra river, China wants to use for hydroelectric power but will deplete for India Ex. Nile has conflicts over water usage Ex. Georgia and Tennesse near a river but increasing population of Atlanta has led to increase in water demand and georgia wants to redraw state line to have access to Tennesse river

Question 55

What is the issue with climate change?

Answer 55

Increases water demand while decreasing water supply Can cause severe weather events Result in sea level rising, increased flooding and runoff

Question 56

What is the issue with storm water?

Answer 56

One of the biggest issues city planners face today, very challenging because it is one of the top contributors to pollution and mitigation strategies are needed An increase in extreme weather events has led to city streets filled with flood waters that may harbor pathogens and toxic chemicals

Question 57

What are emerging contaminants? What is the issue?

Answer 57

New waterborne contaminats have been detected and characterized - speculated that their presence is not new but the technology has advanced enough to detect it i.e. personal care products, pesticides, disinfectants and byproducts, and drugs

Question 58

What is direct potable reuse? What is the issue?

Answer 58

Invloves the planned use of recycled water either directly into a public water system or into a raw water supply upstream of a water treatment plant to increase drinking water supplies It's treated wastewater

Question 59

What is the issue with aging water distribution systems?

Answer 59

Majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, when the systems age they pose persistent health risks Deterioration can occur due to corrosion or external pressures leading to main breaks, breaches in pipes and storage facilities, and intrusion due to water pressure fluctuation

Question 60

What is the issue with premise plumbing?

Answer 60

Includes the portion of a potable water distribution system associated with public and private housing, hospitals, schools, and other buildings; series of service lines connected to the main distribution system Recently there have been water quality challenges Ex. outbreaks in hospitals due to opportunistic pathogens that originated in premise plumbing (i.e. legionella, pseudomonas originosa) Particularly neonatal outbreaks of pseudomonas originosa due to pp

Question 61

What are opportunitic pathogens?

Answer 61

Disease causing organisms that take advantage of vulnerable situations and people who are immunocompromised.