Final Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
what are the steps to the scientific method?
A
observe, question, hypothesize, predict, experimental design, data collection and analysis, and conclusion
2
Q
what is a hypothesis?
A
a tentative explanation or educated guess about the answers to your question
3
Q
what is the premise for a null hypothesis?
A
that the experiment will not yield a measurable change
4
Q
what is a theory?
A
related data that previously appeared to be unrelated
5
Q
what is a prediction?
A
a logical extension that follows when the propose hypothesis is correct. “if, then”
6
Q
what is a standardized variable?
A
certain factors that are kept constant so that they will not influence the outcome of the experiment
7
Q
what is a positive control?
A
is a sample/specimen that is used to demonstrate the expected phenomenon and this control is selected based upon previous, established, and accepted research
8
Q
what is a negative control?
A
a sample or mock sample that usually yields a negative result for the expect phenomenon
9
Q
what is a dependent variable?
A
the variable being measure, plotted on the y-axis
10
Q
what is the independent variable?
A
the factor which is manipulated, plotted on the x-axis
11
Q
mega
A
10^6, a million (M)
12
Q
kilo
A
10^3, a thousand (k)
13
Q
deci
A
10^-1, a tenth (d)
14
Q
centi
A
10^-2, a hundredth (c)
15
Q
milli
A
10^-3, a thousandth (m)
16
Q
micro
A
10^-6, a millionth (u)
17
Q
nano
A
10^-9, a billionth (n)
18
Q
pico
A
10^-12, a trillionth (p)
19
Q
how many millimeters make up one centimeter?
A
10
20
Q
what is a bell shaped curve?
A
a normal curve
21
Q
what is frequency distribution?
A
the classification of number of observations within different classes
22
Q
what is a histogram?
A
the graphing of a frequency distribution
23
Q
what is the mean?
A
the average
24
Q
what is the median?
A
the middle number
25
what is the mode?
the number that occurs most often
26
what is range?
the difference between he largest and smallest number
27
what is magnification?
the amount that the image of an object is enlarged
28
what is resolving power or resolution?
the extent to which the details in an object are preserved during magnification
29
what is contrast?
the degree to which image details stand out against a background
30
what is the objective and total magnification of the scanning lens?
4x, 40x
31
what is the objective and total magnification of the low power lens?
10x, 100x
32
what is the objective and total magnification of the high power lens?
40x, 400x
33
what is the objective and total magnification of the oil immersion lens?
100x, 1000x
34
what is the field of view?
this is the circle of light you see when looking through the oculars
35
what is parfocal?
once the specimen has been focus using the scanning objective, the object will remain in focus when rotating to a higher magnifying objective
36
what is parcentral?
the center of the field of view for one objective will also remain in the center of the field of view when switching to another objective
37
what is working distance?
this is the space between the objective lens and the slide on the stage
38
during the microscopy lab the colored threads slide showed?
depth of feild
39
what are the smallest units of life?
cells
40
bacteria and archaea are?
prokaryotic
41
prokaryotes lack?
a nuclei
42
protist and fungi can be considered?
eukaryotes
43
bacteria and archaea have three possible categories?
coccus, bacillus and spirillum
44
plant cells contain?
chloroplast, vacuoles, a nucleus, a plasma membrane, and cell wall
45
what are the four groups of biological macromolecules?
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
46
what are lipids?
greasy compounds that are non polar and insoluble in water
47
what are lipids composed of?
fatty acids, and a glycerol molecule which together forms glyceride
48
what is the make of a lipid categorized as a triglyceride?
a lipid that has 3 fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol
49
what do lipids function as?
steroids, carotenoids, phospholipids and neutral fats
50
what test identify lipids?
the paper test
51
proteins serve as?
structural components of the cells and tissues, assist in speeding up reactions
52
what makes up a protein?
linked amino acids
53
what are the covalent bonds between each amino acid?
peptide bonds
54
what is used to test the presence of peptide bonds and detect proteins?
the biuret test (color change from blue to violet/black)
55
what are carbohydrates?
sugar molecules
56
what are carbohydrates composed of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
57
what is the simplest form of a carbohydrate?
a monosaccharide
58
what are monosaccharides composed of?
one single sugar molecule
59
what are examples of monosaccharides?
ribose deoxyribose, glucose, and fructose
60
what test identifies simple sugars?
copper containing compound calles Benedict's reagent (color changes from blue to orange)
61
two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds are called?
disaccharides
62
what are common disaccharides?
sucrose, maltose, and lactose
63
what are two disaccharides joined together called?
a polysaccharide
64
what is glycogen?
a polysaccharide
65
what test identify complex carbohydrates?
Lugol's Idodine test (tests for starch) which utilizes an IKI solution ( color changes from dark red to black)
66
membranes act as?
boundaries that selectively allow solutes to move in and out of the cell.
67
what is selective permeability?
the regulation of passage of substances into and out of the cell
68
what is diffusion?
the simplest way that solutes can enter the cell
69
what is osmosis?
the movement of water from high concentrations to low concentrations; occurs when a selectively permeable membrane separates different concentrations of water
70
what is a concentration gradient?
the difference in concentration of like molecules in two regions
71
what is tonicity?
describes on solute's solute concentration compared to another solution
72
what is hypotonic?
a solution which contains a lower concentration of solutes
73
what is isotonic?
solutions containing equal concentrations of solutes
74
what is hypertonic?
one solution has a greater concentration than the other
75
what is turgor pressure?
when water moves into the cell and presses the cytoplasm abasing the plant cell wall
76
what is plasmolysis?
when a plant cell loses water and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall
77
what are enzymes?
proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
78
what is the primary structure of an enzyme?
the linking of amino acids together via peptide bonds to create a chain formation
79
what is the secondary structure of an enzyme/protein?
the protein folds ion itself via hydrogen bonds creating 3 dimensional structural changes such as alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
80
the tertiary and quaternary structures?
when the secondary form forms more covalent bonds amongst itself; and bonds with with another protein
81
what is the active site?
the portion of the protein where the enzyme binds to the substrate
82
what is the enzyme substrate complex?
an intermediate formed when the enzyme and substrate bind
83
what is the enzyme product complex?
when enzymes from the substrate complex are converted to products
84
what is enzyme efficiency?
determined similarity as the amount of product produced per unit of time; the more product produced per unit of time the more efficient the enzyme
85
what can alter the ability of an enzyme to work?
environmental changes, pH, and temperature
86
denaturing an enzymes disrupts?
secondary and tertiary structures
87
what is catechol oxidase?
the enzyme found in several fruits and root organs
88
what substrates does catechol oxidase use?
catechol and oxygen which produce water and benzoquinone (yellow-brown product)
89
what is a spectrophotometer?
an instrument used to measure the concentration of a solute within a solution
90
what is absorbance?
the amount of light absorbed
91
what is transmittance?
the amount fo light which passes through
92
what is spectroscopy?
the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter
93
what is spectrophotometry?
the specific interaction of light energy and solutions
94
what is wavelength?
the distance from the crest of one electromagnetic wave to another
95
what is the largest wavelength?
radio waves
96
what is the shortest and most energetic wave length?
gamma waves
97
what is electromagnetic spectrum?
the measure of electromagnetic radiation
98
what does the wave theory of electromagnetic radiation say?
energy is inversely proportional to the wavelength, thus the longer the wavelength the less energy that specific radiation contains
99
what are the ranges of visible light?
380nm-760nm
100
what is an absorption spectrum?
provided by an absorbance reading at each wavelength across the visible light spectrum
101
what is beer's law?
proposes that absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration
102
what can a spectrometer be used to study?
the measure of the amount of monochromatic light (light from a specific wavelength) absorbed or transmitted by molecules in a solution
103
photosynthesis provides which two vital products?
carbohydrates and oxygen
104
what are the two pigments of photosynthesis?
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
105
what light is absorbed and what light is reflected by chlorophyll?
red and blue-violet light is absorbed and green is reflected
106
what is an absorption spectrum?
a record of the amount of light absorbed at every wavelength
107
what is the carbon cycle?
traces the movement of carbon through the earth system
108
what is photosynthesis?
includes the metabolic pathways by which green plants capture light energy and use it to convert molecules of CO2 and H2O into sugar molecules
109
what is respiration?
the metabolic pathway by which sugar molecules are broken down into CO2 and H2O and energy is released
110
what is metabolism?
mechanisms used to gather, store, and use energy
111
what is a metabolic pathway?
a specific process which starts with one compound and ends up with another
112
what are autotrophs?
organisms capable of making their own food
113
what are heterotrophs?
organisms incapable of making their own food via photosynthesis
114
products of aerobic respiration?
6 CO2, 6 H2O, and 36 ATP
115
produced of lactic fermentation?
lactate and ATP
116
produced of alcoholic fermentation?
ethanol, carbon dioxide, and ATP
117
what determines the efficiency of respiration?
the amount of energy captured in the form of ATP relative to the amount available within the bonds of carbohydrates
118
carbohydrates contain which bonds?
glycosidic bonds
119
why is A. Thaliana used as a model organism?
it has a short generation time and the ability to self fertilize
120
what is GUS?
an enzyme, glucuronidase; reporter gene
121
what is X-Gluc
a colorless substrate which cleaves to GUS producing the insoluble blue
122
in high auxin presence what happens?
transcription to primary response and translation to secondary response may occur
123
in low auxin presence what happens?
transcription in inhibited
