final

Question 1

Cold War

Answer 1

rivalry between SU and USA that divided much of Eu into a Soviet-aligned Communist bloc and a US-aligned capitalist bloc between 1945-1989

Question 2

displaced persons

Answer 2

postwar refugees, including 13 million Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced labourers, and orphaned children

Question 3

the big 3

Answer 3

in 1945 Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Stalin. met at Yalta, Russia to plan for peace. cooperation soon gave way to bitter hostility, and the decision made by these leaders transformed the map of eu

Question 4

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

Answer 4

An economic organisation of communist states meant to help rebuild East Bloc countries under Soviet auspices

Question 5

NATO

Answer 5

the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments

Question 6

Warsaw Pact

Answer 6

soviet-backed military alliance of East Bloc Communist countries in Eu

Question 7

economic miracle

Answer 7

Term to describe rapid economic growth, often based on the consumer sector, in post– World War II western Europe.

Question 8

Christian democrats

Answer 8

Center-right political parties that rose to power in western Europe after the Second World War.

Question 9

common market

Answer 9

The European Economic Community, created by six western and central European countries in the West Bloc in 1957 as part of a larger search for European unity.

Question 10

Neocolonialism

Answer 10

A post colonial system that perpetuates western economic exploitation in former colonial territories

Question 11

Guest worker programs

Answer 11

Government-run programs in western eu designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar Econ

Question 12

Post colonial migration

Answer 12

Postwar movement of people from former colonies and the developing world into Eu

Question 13

Ostpolitik

Answer 13

German for “eastern policy”: west Germany’s attempt in the 70s to ease diplomatic tensions with East Ger, exemplifying the policies of détente

Question 14

Détente

Answer 14

The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the early 1970s

Question 15

Second Vatican Council

Answer 15

A meeting of Catholic leaders convened from 1962-65 that initiated a number of reforms, including the replacement of Latin with local languages in church services, designed to democratize the church and renew its appeal

Question 16

New left

Answer 16

1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western capitalism and Soviet-style comm

Question 17

Brezhnev doctrine

Answer 17

Doctrine created by Brezhnev that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country when necessary to preserve Communism

Question 18

Decolonization

Answer 18

The postwar reversal of eu’s overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the decking pier of Eu nations, and the freedoms promised by US and Sov ideals

Question 19

Nonalignment

Answer 19

Policy of post colonial govs to remain neutral in the CW and play both the USA and the SU for what they could get

Question 20

Socialist realism

Answer 20

Artistic movement that follows the dictates of comm ideals, enforced by state control in the SU and east bloc countries in 50s60s

Question 21

De-stalinization

Answer 21

The liberation of the post-Stalin SU led by reformed Nikita Khrushchev

Question 22

Developed socialism

Answer 22

A term used by Comm leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and extensive social welfare programs

Question 23

Solidarity

Answer 23

Independent Polish trade union that worked for worker’s rights and political reform throughout the 80s

Question 24

Perestroika

Answer 24

Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Gorbachev in the SU 85

Question 25

Glasnost

Answer 25

Soviet premier Gorbachev’s popular campaign for openness in gov and the media

Question 26

OPEC

Answer 26

The Arab-led organization of petroleum. Exporting countries

Question 27

Stagnation

Answer 27

Term coined in early 80s to describe combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession

Question 28

Postindustrial society

Answer 28

A sorority that relies on high tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy insurer and manufacturing jobs

Question 29

Neoliberalism

Answer 29

Philosophy of 80s conservatives who argued for privatization of state-run industries and decreased gov spending on social services

Question 30

Privatization

Answer 30

The sale of state-managed industries such as transportation and communication networks to private owners, a key policy of neoliberalism meant to control gov spending, increase private profits, which was implemented in western eu in response to the economic crisis of the 70s

Question 31

Nuremberg Trials

Answer 31

International military tribunal organized by the 4 allied powers tried the Nazi and civilian leaders chanting them with war crimes and crimes against humanity

Question 32

Teheran conference 1943

Answer 32

Who: involved the Big 3 (Stalin, Church, Roosevelt) Why: negotiation of peace settlements Discussed: - reaffirmed the determination to crush Ger - discussion of Poland’s postwar borders - strategies to gin the war War strategies: Stalin’s propositions - Stalin asked to relieve his armies by opening a second front in Germany-occupied France - church disagreed, Roosevelt agrees Consequences: - American-British invasion of France ensured Ger defeat - implications for CW (The delay of opening a second front fanned S distrust of the Allie’s

Question 33

Yalta conference 1945

Answer 33

Agreements: - unconditional surrender - occupation zones: each of the 4 would occupy zone of Ger - Ger would pay heavy reparations to SU - Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan - new govs in Soviet-occupied Eu would be freely elected and friendly to the USSR

Question 34

Potsdam conference 1945

Answer 34

Rising tensions: Roosevelt —> Truman - Truman demanded immediate free elections through central/eastern eu - S refused

Question 35

Peace settlements: origins CW?

Answer 35

Teheran conference 43 Yalta conference 45 Potsdam conference 45 = motivated by different goals - fighting Ger Allies could maintain an alliance of necessity - antagonistic desired for Econ and political control began to destroy former partnership = S’s distrust: - determined to establish buffer zone of sympathetic states around USSR (comm only dependable Allie’s) = Spreading sphere of influence: - USSR expand reach of comm - maintain predominance of their sphere of influence

Question 36

Iron curtain 1946

Answer 36

After Japans surrender, Truman cut off air to the USSR — declared USA would never recognized governments established against will of people

Question 37

Truman’s policy of containment

Answer 37

Through diplomatic, Econ and military means Diplomatic: Truman Doctrine 46 Policy aiming to contain comm to areas already under Soviet control Military: 50s US gov restructured military to meet Soviet threat NATO 49: Military alliance of western governments Econ: Marshal plan: American plan for providing economics aid to western eu and help rebuilt it - Econ stable eu —> comm looses appeal

Question 38

USSR spreading comm

Answer 38

COMECON economic org of Comm states intended to rebuild the East Blic independently of the West WARSAW PACT Military alliance among USSR and comm satellites

Question 39

New economics

Answer 39

Economic miracle: causes: - Marshall plan To receive marshal aid eu states required to cooperate Eco growth becomes objective - embraced free market but Keynesian policy to stimulate Econ

Question 40

New politics

Answer 40

Central role of Christian and Social Democrats: - provided effective leadership as they drew inspiration from a common Christian and eu heritage - placed faith on democracy and free-market Econ

Question 41

5 giant evils

Answer 41

Disease Want Ignorance Squalor Idleness

Question 42

Rebuilding eu

Answer 42

European unity - Christian democrats: commuted to cultural and econ cooperation - marshal aid: to receive it eu states had to cooperate - this lead to the creation of the OEEC 48 - moment and Schumann: created the common market. Encouraged trade among eu states

Question 43

The consumer revolution

Answer 43

Result from: rising standard of living and remarkable growth in availability of consumer goods Visions of consumer abundance because powerful weapon in CW Kitchen debate: K and Nixon claim their respective systems could provide more consumer goods = the race to provide higher standard living would be central aspect of CW comm East bloc struggled to catch up with W

Question 44

Changing class structures WEST EAST

Answer 44

WEST - “white collar workers” replaced property owners as the leaders of the middle class - middle class grew, harder to define Reasons: - tech expansion need for more managers - during war lost control of family owned businesses EAST Class leveling: - goal of the socialist authoritarian regime - aggressive attempts to: open employment + equalize wage = reduced class diff BOTH - farming declined: movement of farmers - welfare benefits by govs: helped promote social equality

Question 45

Changing class structure EAST

Answer 45

Class leveling: - goal of the socialist authoritarian regime - aggressive attempts to: open employment + equalize wage = reduced class diff

Question 46

Patterns of postwar migration

Answer 46

50s60s new wave of migration: Rural —-> urban due to declining job prospects in rural areas East bloc: collectivization + state subsidies for heavy ind opened opport in urban areas GUEST WORKERS PROGRAM: Gov-run programs in west eu to recruit labor for the blooming postwar Econ Guest workers supposed to return, many chose to live permanently in their adoptive countries POSTCOLONIAL MIGRATION Movement of people from former colonies into prosperous eu = Results - about helped boots Econ - ethnic diversity - discrimination

Question 47

New roles for women

Answer 47

- changing gender roles: women looked for new roles outside family WEST 1. Economic boom created demand for labor 2. Econ gradual shift away from male-oriented heavy ind —> white collar service ind 3. Shared on postwar education revolution EAST BLOC - comm leaders opened up jobs to women

Question 48

CW Thaw 60s

Answer 48

60s eu general lifwatd shift encouraged gradual relaxation of CW tensions DETENTE general relaxation of CW Willy Brandt: 70: Poland for signing treaty of reconciliation + Warsaw ghetto memorial —> part of policy OSTPOLITIK: west ger attenot 70s to ease diplomatic tensions with east, exemplifying policies if detente Helsinki accords: Nations agreed eus existing political frontiers could not be changed by force

Question 49

The counter culture movement 60s

Answer 49

Youthful society challenged status quo NEW LEFT 60s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge western capitalism and soviet style comm - more openness free love, rock USA AND VIETNAM Anti war movements USA spread to west eu STUDENT REVOLTS 68 Students organized massive anti war demonstrations then extended protest to support: - colonial independence movements - demand end nuclear arms race

Question 50

EAST bloc 60s

Answer 50

PRAGUE SRING 68 Dubcek “socialism with a human face” reforms Soviet troops occupied Cze Brezhnev announced BREZHNEV DOCTRINE SU has right to intervene in any East bloc country when necessary to preserve comm rule

Question 51

postwar life in EAST BLOC

Answer 51

- black to authoritarian, purges, show trials - 5 year plans, heavy ind priority. Collectivization - consumer goods seen as creating inequality and waste Exception: Yugoslavia declares independence TiTo REFORM DESTALIN 53 Stalin dies K: secret speech 56 Opened way for destalin period Maintained monopoly on political power but brought in new members Resource shift heavy ind —> consumer goods + agriculture LIMITS ON REFORM destalin seen as threat to authority of the party Brezhnev restalin FOREIGN POLICY BERLIN - K attempts to halt migration of East—> west - tightened borders + demanded western Allie’s evacuate West Berlin - western Allie’s refuse to abandon - 61 wall built CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS - K secretly ordered installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba - USA reacts: naval blockade - K removes missiles - USA promises not disturb Castro’s regime + remove nuclear middles from turkey

Question 52

DEcline of “developed socialism” 70s

Answer 52

70s leaders adopted term DEVELOPED SOCIALISM: to describe the accomplishments of their society: - nationalized ind - collective agriculture - extensive social welfare programs