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REM 311 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

what is the exponential growth model?

A

Nt = N0e^rt

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2
Q

what is the equation for discrete birth rate?

A

Bt = btNt

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3
Q

what value of r makes continuous populations stable?

A

r = 0

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4
Q

what is the rate of continuous population change?

A

dN/dt = rN

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5
Q

what is the geometric growth model?

A

Nt+1 = Ntλ or Nt = N0λ

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6
Q

what is the equation for discrete rate of growth?

A

Nt+1 = Nt + (b-d)Nt or Nt+1 = Nt + (Bt-Dt)

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7
Q

what is the expression for the intrinsic rate of growth r?

A

r = b-d

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8
Q

what is the mean finite rate of growth?

A

λmean = n^√λ^n

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9
Q

what is the expression for the finite rate of growth lamdba?

A

λ = 1+R

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10
Q

what is the density dependent logistic model?

A

dN/dt = rN (1-N/k)

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11
Q

what graph uses x = Nt and y = dN/dt?

A

population rate of change

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12
Q

what value of λ makes discrete populations stable?

A

λ = 1

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13
Q

what is the expression for the finite rate of growth per year?

A

λ = Nt+1/Nt

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14
Q

what graph uses x = t and y = N?

A

time series graph

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15
Q

what is the expression for doubling time?

A

t = ln2/r

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16
Q

what is the equation for discrete death rate?

A

Dt = dtNt

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17
Q

what happens to the logistic model when the population goes past the carrying capacity?

A

rN becomes negative (to correct growth)

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18
Q

what graph uses x = Nt and y = dN/dt/N?

A

per capita rate of change

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19
Q

how can you tell if a graph is following a logistic model?

A

if the plots for a per capita graph are not flat, it follows density dependence

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20
Q

what happens to a logistically growing population as the size approaches 0?

A

becomes exponential
(1-N/k) becomes (1-0/k) or just 1
rN (1-N/k) just becomes rN like exponential growth model

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21
Q

what happens to a logistically growing population as the size approaches k?

A

dN/dt = 0

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22
Q

what are the two branches of density dependence?

A

compensatory (negative feedback) and depensatory (positive feedback)

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23
Q

what are the two branches of compensatory processes?

A

exploitation competition (indirect) and interference competition (direct)

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24
Q

what two trends are caused by compensatory processes? what causes these trends?

A

1) as population increases, dN/dt/N decreases
2) as population decreases, dN/dt/N increases

caused by competition for resources

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25
Q

define exploitation competition

A

competition over resources without direct physical contact (i.e brawling), such as ‘competing’ for grass on a shared field

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26
Q

define interference competition

A

competition that causes individuals to interact with each other, such as fighting over mates

27
Q

what two trends are caused by depensatory processes?

A

1) as population increases, dN/dt/N increases
2) as population decreases, dN/dt/N decreases

28
Q

define predator swamping

A

when a large number of offspring from a single reproduction event outweighs the number of predators, which increases the overall survival rate and population size

29
Q

define the allee effect

A

when a population reaches a critically small size, individuals will struggle to find mates which decreases the population size and reproduction rate

30
Q

define scramble competition and provide what model to use

A

competition with equal sharing of resources
use Ricker model

31
Q

define contest competition and provide what model to use

A

competition with unequal sharing of resources
use Beverton Holt model

32
Q

what is the equation for a Ricker recruitment model

A

Nt+1 = Nt * e^r(1-Nt/k)

33
Q

what to say when someone says “good morning”

A

show me the data

34
Q

what is the definition of a harvest number?

A

the fixed number of individuals taken at each harvest

34
Q

how can you tell what the excess/sustainable harvest is on a ricker model?

A

the values between the ricker curve and the 1:1 line

34
Q

what is the definition of a harvest rate?

A

the fixed proportion of the population taken at each harvest

34
Q

what is the definition of a maximum sustainable yield?

A

the maximum yield value of Nt+1 - Nt (maximum excess calculation) which results in the maximum population growth

34
Q

what is the definition of sustainability?

A

using a resource at a slower rate than the natural rate of replacement

35
Q

what is a sustainable yield?

A

the harvest above the 1:1 line for a given year

35
Q

what social implication does a high harvest rate have?

A

high harvest = less effort needed for same amount of catch = less fisherman needed

36
Q

how do you calculate the maximum harvest rate (FMSY)?

A

MSY/NMSY aka the slope of the secant (rise/run)

37
Q

how do you calculate the MSY?

A

Nt+1 - NMSY

38
Q

what risks does MSY have?

A
  • population must be at equilibrium
  • DD population must be able to return to equilibrium following a disturbance
  • changes in R can cause population collapse
  • depensatory (positive feedback) can cause population collapse
39
Q

how can MSY be wrongly calculated?

A
  • parameter uncertainty
  • model uncertainty
  • demographic uncertainty
  • environmental uncertainty
  • implementation uncertainty (overharvest, illegal harvest, wrong estimates)
40
Q

how does the population respond if it decreases when its to the left of NMSY? how does it respond if it is to the right?

A

left: decrease shifts away from NMSY and is not self replicating (theoretically unfavourable)
right: decreases towards NMSY and becomes self replicating (theoretically favourable)

41
Q

what is the difference between a predator and a true predator?

A

predators consume other living organisms while true predators kill upon capture

42
Q

what assumptions does the Lotka Volterra model have?

A
  • exponential growth of prey when predators are absent
  • exponential decline of predators when prey are absent
  • all energy from prey is converted into new predators
  • random predator attacks
  • linear relationship between prey and predator numbers
43
Q

what is the LV model for herbivores?

A

dH/dt = bH - aPH

44
Q

what is the LV model for predators?

A

dP/dt = eaPH - sP

45
Q

what do the following LV parameters mean?
1) a
2) b
3) s
4) e

A

1) a = attack/kill rate of predators
2) b = per capita herbivore growth rate
3) s = per capita predator mortality rate
4) e = efficiency of prey to predator conversion

46
Q

what term of the predator model do prey regulate?

A

eaPH

47
Q

what term of the prey model to predators regulate?

A

-aPH

48
Q

what is an isocline?

A

conditions that make a population’s net growth zero (i.e prey # that makes predator rate = 0)

49
Q

what happens to prey when predators are above their isocline? what happens when theyre below?

A

prey decreases when predators are above (more predators to hunt) and increases when predators are below (less predators to hunt)

50
Q

which axis does the prey isocline point to? which axis does the predator isocline point to?

A

prey = y axis (predator pop)
predators = x axis (prey pop)

51
Q

what happens to predators when prey are to the right of their isocline? what happens when theyre to the left?

A

predators increase when prey are to the right of isocline and decrease when they are to the left

52
Q

what defenses do prey have?

A
  • chemical defense
  • behavioural defense
  • cryptic colouring
  • warning colouring
  • protective armour
53
Q

what tactics do predators use?

A
  • ambush hunting (lie in wait, common in ectotherms)
  • stalking (stealth approach, common in wildcats)
  • pursuit (open chase, common in canids)
54
Q

what does the red queen hypothesis describe?

A

when two species compete for a limited resource or exist in a predator prey relationship, both parties must coevolve to remain in equilibrium (“arms race”)

55
Q

what is the general pattern to the paradox of enrichment?

A
  1. increasing prey K causes prey population to increase
  2. more prey availability causes predator population to increase
  3. more predators leads to more hunting and prey population declines to extinction
  4. loss of food source leads to predators declining to extinction
56
Q

what are the characteristics of a self regulating system?

A
  • have self sustaining processes
  • density dependent feedback loops
  • self replicating populations
  • ecological resilience
57
Q

what is the definition of ecological resilience?

A

the capacity for a system to absorb a disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain its function, identity, feedback and structure

58
Q

what is the definition of the domains of attraction?

A

the alternate stable states of possible ecological communities

59
Q

what do the following Rosenzweig-MacArthur parameters mean?
1) w
2) D
3) w x H/(D+H)

A

1) maximum capture rate
2) half saturation rate (yields 0.5w)
3) handling time

REM 311 (1 decks)

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