Final Flashcards
(289 cards)
1
Q
Power
A
Ability to achieve goals in a political system and to have others do as you wish.
2
Q
Influence
A
Ability to change behaviour in others without-exerting direct power over them.
3
Q
Political Studies
A
Formal study of politics within and among nations.
4
Q
Government
A
Institutions and people responsible for affairs and administration of a political system.
5
Q
Conflict
A
Differences in preferred outcomes among social groups.
6
Q
Conflict Resolution
A
Process in domestic or international affairs that attempts to reconcile antagonism through the use of mediation and negotiation.
7
Q
Thomas Hobbes
A
Process of socialization is essential for the security of life itself.
Nature of power and government to create stability.
8
Q
Socialization
A
Process whereby individuals act in a social manner
Creation of social and political authority and rules to regulate behaviour and permit operation of social units
9
Q
Decision-Making
A
Pattern of relations involving different levels of government in which determinations and judgements regarding the governance of the political system are made
10
Q
Public Goods
A
Resources that are present in a political system whose use by one should not affect others
11
Q
Liberal Democracies
A
Political system based on freedom and the principle that governance requires the assent of all citizens through participation
12
Q
Authoritarianism
A
Political system requiring absolute obedience to a constituted authority.
E.g. North Korea
13
Q
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
A
Non-profit group organized on a local, national, or international level.
14
Q
State
A
Recognized political unit, considered to be sovereign, with a defined territory and people and a central government.
Only institution that holds access to legitimate use of force within its territory.
15
Q
Government
A
Part of the state apparatus, albeit an impermanent one, because elected governments come and go.
16
Q
Modern Western State
A
First appeared in Europe in the 1600s.
Defined territorial boundaries, rule of law, sovereignty, and legitimacy.
17
Q
Approaches
A
Political philosophy, Canadian politics, International relations, Comparative politics.
18
Q
Political Philosophy
A
Idea that humans are political animals by nature.
19
Q
Canadian Politics
A
Focuses on Canada, Senate 105, House of Commons (338)
20
Q
International Relations
A
Studies political/economic/legal developments on the global stage.
21
Q
Comparative Politics
A
Comparing politics.
22
Q
Analytical Approach
A
Views politics as an empirical discipline
Argues that politics cannot be broken down and must be seen comprehensively
23
Q
Behaviouralism
A
Concentrates on the ‘tangible’ aspects of political life rather than values
Establish a disciple that was ‘scientific’ and objective
24
Q
Post-Behaviouralism
A
Attempted to reconcile behaviouralism by allowing for values and ideology.
25
Systems Theory
Views politics as a system of interaction, binding political structures.
Politics is a dynamic process of info that flows.
Responses that encompass political institutions, groups, and individuals.
25
Structural-Functionalism
Focuses on the role of political structures and their functions in society.
26
Political Economy
Views politics and economic spheres as mutually dependent perceptions of the world.
Relationship between people, gov., and the economy.
27
Comparative Approach
Compares different systems of political authority.
Based on system type, time period, or form of leadership.
28
Levels of Analysis
Approach that suggests accurate analysis must be inclusive of international, domestic, and individual arenas of interaction.
29
International Politics
Study of foreign policy and relations on the international level (also called IR).
30
Globalization
Intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders.
31
Ethnic and Religious Conflict
War or opposition among different racial, linguistic, or religious groups.
32
Protectionism
Tendency of countries to safeguard their own economic sectors/industries through tariffs, quotas, or other forms of trade/investment legislation.
33
Citizenship
Status granted to people that comes with responsibilities and duties as well as rights.
34
Empirical
Analysis based not on concepts and theory, but rather on what can be observed or experimented upon.
35
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one's culture or group is superior to others or groups/cultures must be examined in relation to one's own.
36
Influence
Ability to change behaviour in others without exerting direct power over them.
37
Most Different Systems
Method of comparative analysis that examines political systems that share no/few common features but have similar outcomes/phenomena.
38
Most Similar Systems
Method of comparative analysis that examines political systems that have common features.
An effort to identify different variables.
39
Multiculturalism
Peaceful coexistence of several racial, cultural, or ethnic identities in one nation.
40
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
Corporate bodies that operate in more than one country.
41
Social Sciences
Scientific study of human society and social relationships.
42
Subjective Reality
Perspective of reality that is influenced by our personal experience and bias.
43
Traditional Approach
Political method drawing heavily on law, philosophy, and history.
Relies on subjective evaluation of the observer (also called analytical approach).
44
Body Politic
Entirety of a political community.
45
Order
Both units and interaction within political system is marked by regularity and stability.
With the imposition of accepted and enforced rules, structures, and practices.
46
Democracy
System based on the principle that governance requires assent of all citizens.
Voting, articulation of views, direct or indirect representation.
Rule of the people.
47
Monarchy
Form of government by a single ruler who holds nominally absolute power.
E.g. The UK
48
Tyranny
Government by a single ruler who exercises arbitrary power for their own benefit.
49
System
Group of individual entities or actors that interact to form an integrated whole.
50
International System
Two or more actors that interact regularly in the global arena.
Use established processes in given issue areas.
51
Organizations
Relations existing within a political community.
Established to distribute responsibilities and privileges.
52
Institutions
Groupings that have developed to attend to particular societal needs.
53
Sovereignty
Recognition by other political authorities that a gov. is legitimate and rightful for a political community.
Absolute control over a defined area.
54
War
Use of armed forces in conflict with an enemy.
55
Political Action
Assumes the ability to act and the will to do so.
56
Agency
Individual or group action in a social context.
57
Hard Power
Tangible incentives and punishment.
E.g. a country demonstrating military might.
58
Soft Power
Ideas and influence.
E.g. leaders sitting down and discussing an issue.
59
Authority
Power or right to force obedience.
60
Traditional Authority
Passed down through generations.
E.g. Monarch as Head of a State
61
Rational-Legal Authority
Based on rules, norms, and accepted norms.
E.g. when a party gets elected in Canada it is accepted as legitimate.
62
Charismatic Authority
Special qualities of the individual.
E.g. Pierre Trudeau or Barack Obama
63
Leadership
Group of individuals that lead society.
64
Legitimacy
What is lawful, appropriate, proper, and conforms to the standards of a political system.
65
Laws
Rules imposed on society by the governing authority.
66
Legislation
Laws enacted by governing authority.
67
Values
Principles, standards.
What an individual or community esteems as meaningful.
68
Community
Social, political, cultural, and economic ties that bind individuals to one another.
69
Concept
General idea emerging from events or instances.
70
Duties
Related to rights.
Responsibilities to protect rights.
71
Economic Justice
Redistribution of economic resources from certain groups to others.
72
Equality
Parity in a political system.
73
Freedom
Ability to act without constraint.
74
Identity
A person's understanding and expression of their individuality or group membership.
75
Justice
State of affairs involving the maintenance of what is right and fair in a society.
76
Liberty
Freedom from despotic control.
77
Licence
Unlimited freedom to do as one pleases.
78
Nation
Group of persons who share an identity based on but not limited to shared ethnic, religious, cultural, or linguistic qualities.
79
Nation-State
Autonomous political unit of people who share a common culture, language, ethnicity, or history.
80
Negative Liberty
Areas of activity in governments do not interfere and an individual is free to choose.
81
Policy
Laws or principles of performance adopted by government.
82
Positive Liberty
Freedom to achieve one's full potential.
83
Progress
Advancement in society towards a better and improved state of affairs.
Integral element of liberal political theory.
84
Rights
Socially acceptable, morally correct, just and fair privileges granted to members of a political community.
85
Security
Freedom from danger or injury.
86
Separation of Powers
Divison of powers among several government institutions to avoid concentration of authority.
87
Social Justice
Equitable distribution of goods and values in society.
88
Social Order
Recognized structure of power, responsibility, and liberty.
89
Welfare
Legislation or social action taken to provide citizens with physical, financial, health, or other assistance.
90
Utopian
Idealized place or system.
Ideally perfect society, individual, or approach aspiring to impractical perfection.
91
Philosophy
Stufy of questions about existence, knowledge, ethics, justice, and morality.
Based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods.
Philosophia, love of knowledge.
92
Adam Smith
Let the market decide.
Market will determine supply and demand, no gov. involvement in the economy.
Right view.
93
Karl Marx
Opposed to capitalism.
Proletariat was going to take over working class who would then rebel.
Left view.
94
Classical Period
Early thought about nature of politics and the role of government.
95
Medieval Philosophy
Life and religion.
Humans are secondary to the role of religion.
96
Thomas Aquinas
Introduced Aristotle's philosophy and scientific approach to the Christian world.
Used the deductive method, hypothesis and then observation to support.
97
Niccolò Machiavelli
Renaissance thought.
Examined the nature of power and leadership over political realism.
Finding solutions to the most important political problems of his time.
98
Modern Thought
Takes into account enlightenment and industrial thinkers.
99
Ideology
Set or system of ideas that form the basis of a political or economic system.
Provide guidance and direction for political leadership.
100
Left-Right Spectrum
Specific ideologies are plotted.
100
Ideological Left
Emphasis on valued such as equality, justice, and rights.
101
Ideological Right
Emphasis on values such as law and order, security, and stability.
102
Ideological Centre
Exact location depends on the political jurisdiction in question.
E.g. Canada parties in centre tend to veer slighty right or left.
103
What Makes Ideologies
Images result in attitudes and then values which lead to beliefs which lead to ideologies.
104
Liberalism
View of politics that favours liberty, free trade, and moderate social and political change.
105
Self-Determination
Ability to act in free choice without external compulsion.
106
New Liberalism
Emphasizes positive liberty.
107
General and Particular Will
General: Will of the community.
Particular: Will of the individual.
108
Capitalism
Economic system in which production and distribution of goods relies on private capital and investment.
109
Neoliberalism
Reinvigoration of classical liberalism in the end of 20th century.
Emphasizing free markets, free movement of capital, free trade, and the efficient allocation of resources.
110
Conservatism
Concerned with maintaining political and social tradition and customs.
Emphasis on law and order, respect for authority, patriotism, and civic virtue.
111
Edmund Burke
Changes from French Revolution degraded human condition and endangered social stability.
112
Socialism
Ideology focused on human community and society, the group as a social organism.
113
Evolutionary Socialism
Evolved into the social democratic movement.
E.g. NDP
114
Communism
Theory that espouses conflict to form a system where all property is publicly owned, all citizens are compensated equally.
Marx and Engels.
115
Nationalism
Separation of one nation from others.
Create and protect the political institutions to ensure propensity of nation, its values, traditions, and cultures.
116
Feminism
Equal rights for women.
Evolved into ideology seeking to include women in all aspects of society.
117
Post-Colonialsm
Examines legacy of colonial rule.
118
Environmentalism
Emerged in the 1970s, focuses on sustainable development.
119
Facism
Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler.
Extreme form of nationalism, accompanied by radical, social, and moral ideas.
120
Anarchism
Outside interference into people's lives is minimized.
Absence of gov. so opposite of hierarchy.
121
Bourgeois
Property-owning class that exploits the working class (proletariat).
Marx.
122
Caliphate
Government inspired by Islam that rules using Islamic law.
123
Cold War
Period of non-violent hostility in 1945-1991.
Relationship between the US and the Soveit Union.
124
Confucianism
Philosophy and political thought of Confucius.
Stresses social harmony, obedience, and morality.
125
Dialects
Points where ideas and processes throughout history come up against each other and form a new reality.
Marxism.
126
Invisible Hand
Adam Smith.
Notion that economic forces left alone would lead to maximize efficiency and economic growth.
Engage in compeition against each other.
No political interference.
127
Islamic Fundamentalism
Religious movement advocating a return to 'fundamentals' of Islamic religious texts.
128
Jihad
Moral struggle/for righteousness.
Form of holy war.
129
LGBT Movement
Movement recognizing diversity in sexual and gender identities.
130
Libertarianism
Ideology based on limited gov. role and freedom of speech, action, and thought,
131
Materialist
Marxism, understanding the physical and economic basis for society.
132
Political Realism
Approach to politics that emphasizes power and interests over ideas or social constructions.
133
Propaganda
Spreading of information for the purpose of aiding a cause to make an audience react in a certain way.
134
Republicanism
Political idea that gives supreme power to the people or elected reps of the people.
135
Representative Democracy
Political system in which voters elect others to act on their behalf.
Also called indirect democracy.
136
Sharia Law
Sacred law of Islam.
137
Social Constructivism
Meta-theory that explains interactions between individual agents, their social groupings, and their environment.
138
Suffrage
Granting of the right to vote.
139
Sustainable Development
Model of economic growtht that seeks to use renewable resources to not destroy the environment.
140
Toleration
Acceptance or protection of individuals, groups, and types of behaviour that may be disapproved of by the majority of society.
141
Utilitarianism
Worth of a particular action is determined by its contribution to overall utility (balance of happiness and unhappiness in society.
142
Fragile States
Gov. lack of authority over their territory and are unable to deliver services associated with governing.
Lack legitimacy.
143
Night Watchman State
Minimization of state interference to maximize freedom.
144
Economic Management
Govs. pass resources from one revenue source to other bodies without designating requirements for their use.
145
Subsidies
Payments made by gov. to compensate businesses for inefficiencies and lack of competitiveness.
146
Regulation
Rules of conduct imposed by gov. on individual and corporate citizens.
147
Program Development and Administration
Govs. create and pursure initiatives on their own.
148
Laissez-faire
"To let be".
Economic theory that suggests reduction of political control will benefit the economic system.
149
Keynesianism
John Maynard Keynes.
Economy dops so gov. should step in to boost economic strength.
Mix of private and public activity in the economy.
150
Theocracy
Rule by a religious leader.
E.g. Iran, Vatican City.
151
Aristocracy
Rule by a hierarchical elite.
E.g. Saudi Arabia.
152
Despotism
Rule with absolute power and authority.
E.g. North Korea.
153
Junta
Military gov., usually a dictatorship.
E.g. Myanmar
154
Constitution
Basic law of a country upon which all other laws are based.
"Living documents" so tjey can be amended.
155
Pluralism
Society in which several groups maintain interests.
Number of concerns and traditions persist.
156
Authoritarianism
System requiring absolute obedience to a constitued authority.
157
Totalitarianism
Authoritarian political system that controls social interaction.
Marked by gov. desire to force objectives and values on citizens.
158
Balance of Power
Situation in international politics where states strive to achieve equal power.
Done to prevent any other country or coalition from dominating the system.
159
Bicameral
Legislative or parliamentary body with two assemblies.
160
Checks and Balances
System of inspection and evaluation of different levels and brances of gov. by others.
161
Deregulation
Removal of gov. controls in an economic sector.
162
Genocide
Deliberate and systematic killing of a group based on ethnicity, nationality, culture, or race.
163
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Total value of goods and services produced in a country in one year.
164
Insecurity
Threat of danger or injury.
165
Member of Parliament (MP)
Representative of voters in a parliamentary system.
166
Terrorism
Strategy of violence designed to bring political change by instilling fear in the public at large.
167
Transitional Government
Move from authoritarianism to liberal democracy results in elements of both with a gradual change to democracy.
168
Unicameral
Legislative or parliamentary body with one assembly.
169
Parliamentary
Greater emphasis on representation and accountability.
Fusion of powers, executive, PM, and Cabinet.
169
US Separation of Powers
Presidnetial system disallows anyone from holding office in more than one level of gov.
President cannot sit in Congress.
Congress can reject bills from President.
170
Confederalism
Political system of dvided powers.
Added powers is given to non-central govs. and limited authroity and power is conferred to central gov.
E.g. EU.
171
Unitary Systems
Unitray govs. have a single, central authroity that makes, interprets, and enforces laws.
172
Devolution
Political system in which some authority is given to regional governments.
173
Fusion of Powers
System where legislature and exectuive powers are combined.
Specific powers may be granted to each level.
174
Federalism
Form of governance that divides powers between the central gov. and regional govs.
Particular roles and capactities are given to the regional govs.
175
Canadian Federalism
1841, Upper and Lower united into Canada.
Confederation 1867 brought more in.
Powers in provinces meant central gov. in Ottawa would not have all authority.
176
Constitution Act, 1867
British North America Act, created Canada and gave important powers to the provinces.
177
Peace, Order, and Good Government (POGG)
Clause in Canadian constitution that specifies that powers not given to the provinces are reserved for federal gov.
178
Reservation
Lieutenant governor puts provincial legislation up for federal cabinet's consideration.
179
Disallowance
Provincial legislation is rejected or vetoes by federal cabinet.
180
Conditional Grants
Funds given to provincial authorities from the federal gov.
Assigns controls and conditions on how the money may be spent.
181
Bureaucracy
Division of government responsible for carrying out public policy.
Staffed by public employees.
182
Caucus
Group of elected representative usually based on party membership.
183
Civil Law
Legal system where legislative bodies enact laws through statutes, ordinances, and regulations.
184
Common Law
Legal system where decisions are made on the basis of precedent, case law, or previous decisions.
185
Constitutionality
Being in accordance with a consitution.
186
Cronyism
Practice of choosing or preferring friends or associates for positions og authority.
187
Electorate
People in a political system with the right to vote in elections.
Enfranchised citizens.
188
Executive
Top level of government or the leader.
Maintains leadership and often refleects leadership and preoccupations of the dominant political party.
189
Judicial Review
Power of a country's courts to interpret its constitution.
Varyies from the ability to resolve disputes between levels of gov. to the ability of annual legislative and executive actions.
190
Judiciary
Judicial level of governance.
Courts.
191
Legislative
Referring to the body of a political system with the responsibilitty to make laws.
Known as legislature.
192
Legitimation
Providing legitimacy or legal force or statues to political decisions.
In accordance with established or accepted patters and standards.
193
Ministerial Responsibility
Requires members of the political executive to remain accountable to the legislature.
194
Nepotism
Practice of choosing or preferring relatives, friends, or associates for positions of authority.
195
Opposition
One or more parties that are not part of gov. but form a check on the ruling power of the elected party.
196
Patriation
Term used to describe the transfer of constitution from the UK to Canada in 1982.
197
Political Culture
Set of attitudes, beliefs, and values, that underpin any political system.
198
Political Gridlock
Lack of political progess because of entrenched differing of opinions.
199
Question Period
Time allotted in the HoC for members of the house to ask questions of the PM of cabinet minister.
200
Representation
Act of standing for the views of others.
Election of a representative to symbolize the collective view of all constituents.
201
Equalization Payments
Distributes wealth of all provinces to those that do not reach a certain level of funding.
202
Federal-Provincial Fiscal Agreement and Established Funding Act of 1977 (EPF)
Block grants to finance efucation and health care.
203
Fiscal Federalism
WW2, federal government established its dominance over provinces.
Did all tax collection and gave provinces money through conditional grants.
204
Unconditional Grants
Payments from the federal gov. that may be spent by the provinces however they see fit.
205
Provincial and Federal Interaction
Primary responsibility for organizing relations is assumed by the executive branches.
First Ministers' Meetings have become highest-profile means of contact.
206
Territorial and Federal Interaction
Closer to a unitary system.
Territories have no constitutionally designated jurisdiction and only get what is given by federal gov.
207
Constitution Act, 1982
Quebec wouldn't sign.
Seen as weakening the legitimacy of the federal gov.
208
Meech Lake Accord, 1987
Proposed points to reform the constitution.
Never ratified due to nationwide campaign against it led by Pierre Trudeau.
209
Charlottetown Accord, 1992
Would have established basis for Canadian identity while recognizing Quebec as separate.
Accord was defeated in a referndum.
210
Direct Democracy
Citizens are directly involved in decision making.
211
Indirect Democracy
Citizens elect a delegate to act on their behalf.
Also called representative democracy.
212
Election
Form of choosing political reps where citizens cast their vote for preferred candidates.
213
Ballots
Card used to cast a vote.
Kept in a designated ballot box and counted by elected official.
214
Political Party
Organizaiton that seeks to gain and maitain political power.
215
Independents
Electorate candidates who do not belong to a political party.
216
Constituencies
Territorial or geographical localities represented by a politician chosen through elections.
217
Enumeration
Process of determining the number of individuals eligible to vote in a constituency.
218
Rotten Boroughs
Britain, area with small populations that were given equal standing to normal-sized constituencies.
219
Pocket Boroughs
Britain, areas with small electorate were controlled by the local landowners.
220
Gerrymandering
Grouping together or dividing groups of voters in order to maximize or reduce their power.
Done in US where boundaires are drawn by gov. officials.
221
Voter Apathy
Condition where people do not vote or do not follow the election process as they beleive elections do not affect them and their vote doesn't matter.
222
Compulsory Voting
System in which citizens have a legal obligation to vote.
E.g. Australia, Brazil, Peru, and Turkey.
223
Types of Electoral Systems
Simple plurality, two-round, proportional.
224
Simple Plurality or First-Past-the-Post
Winner recieved most number of votes, not necessarily a majority.
Marginalizes smaller parties.
225
Minority Government
Gov. by the party that recieved the most but not majority of votes.
226
Two-Round System or Run-Off-System
Two or three candidates recieve the most votes in the first round pass to round two to determine winner.
Voters rank candidates.
227
Proportional Representation (PR)
Seats are designated according to popular vote.
Used in countries to institue proportions between votes allotted for all parties.
Designed to make popular vote count.
228
Party List
Voters in multi-member consitutencies choose from a list of candidiates.
Parties are rewarded with a % of seats in each consitutency.
% of votes = number of seats.
229
Closed List
Voters express preference for the party.
230
Open List
Voters indicate specific candidates.
231
Single Transferable Vote
Voters cast ballot in multi-members constituencies, express ranked preferences for candidiates.
Subsequent choices may be transferred and counted if all seats are not filled in first count.
Seats are not 'won' until designated number of votes have been earned.
232
Centralization
Concentration of power in a single body, usually the principal gov.
233
Centralized Federalism
Process where federal government increases its power relative to the provinces.
234
Concurrent Powers
Sharing of control between provincial and federal levels of gov.
235
Co-operative Federalism
Cooperation and coordination of policy between the federal and provincial levels of gov.
236
Decentralization
Power and authority is taken from the central gov. and conferred to non-central govs.
237
Declaratory Power
Federal gov. power to take control of any local project if it decided it would be for the greater national good.
238
Delegated Authority
Unitary system, the transfer of certain powers from the national gov. to sub-national authorities.
239
European Union (EU)
Economic and political union of 27 European states.
240
Executive Federalism
Conflictive relationship between the provinces and the federal government.
When provinces attempt to achieve greater autonomy from federal gov., which resists.
241
Non-Excepted Matters
Powers that are held by the central government but may be transferred to a regional gov. at a later date.
242
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Canada, US, and Mexcio have opened their markets to each other.
243
Sovereignty-Association
Arrangement by which a state or province gets independence from federal gov.
Retains strong links to the country, generally in the form of economic policy.
244
Voter Turnout
Number of voters who attend the polls on Election Day.
245
Additional Member System
Mix of simple plurality and proportional representation voting.
Voters cast a vote for a representative and a political party.
246
Attack Ads
Negative and aggressive television and media advertising by one political party against another.
247
Cadre Party
Parties that are created by a small elite group.
Tend to control much power in legislatures.
248
Catch-All Party
Parties that cover a wide range of ideologies and beliefs.
Incorporating as many different society groups as possible.
Umbrella party.
249
Competitive Party System
Electoral system found in liberal democracies.
Political parties are permitted to compete with one another for electoral support.
250
Election Platforms
Positions of political parties or individuals regarding issues and political intentions.
251
First-Past-the-Post
Electoral system where the winner receives the most, not necessarily a majority, of votes.
252
Mass Party
Party organized in society at large rather than within gov.
Has public influence through power of membership not a small minority elite.
253
Militia Party
Part systems with a centralized leadership system.
Often led by martial leaders, found in one party systems.
254
Multi-Party Systems
Competitive party system with more than two parties.
255
One-Party System
One political party is allowed to from the government, or compete in elections.
256
Patronage
Awarding a key gov. position to favoured and loyal supporters.
257
Recruitment Function
Political parties' efforts to help bring new voters into the political process.
258
Two-Party System
Competitive party systems marked by two competiting parties.
259
Political Parties
Organized groups that place members as candidates for election.
Goal of governing the political system.
260
Canada's Political Parties
Recognized if they hold a certian number of seats.
Conservatives, Liberals, and NDP.
Block runs in Quebec.
261
Liberal Party
Has governed Canada most often.
Locates itself at the ideological centrem favouring social liberal policies.
262
Conservative Party of Canada
Formed officially in 2003.
Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party.
Fiscal responsibilty, low taxes, free trade, being tough on crime, etc.
Andrew Scheer.
263
New Democratic Party (NDP)
Formed in 1961 when Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the Canadian Labour Congress.
Never formed gov. at federal level.
Jagmeet Singh as of 2017.
264
Function of Political Parties
Recruit, create a link between gov. and the people, method for arranging and categorizing interests, central organizers in political systems.
265
Whip/Chief Whip
Works to guarantee that all members vote according to the preferences of the party.
266
How Political Parties Function
Highly organized, professionally run organization.
Full-time staff, extended databases, and widespread networks.
267
Election Campaigns
Every country has unique laws about setting elections and rules to surround.
Play a central role in election campahins and determining policy positions.
Negative tactics to win support.
268
Referendum
Voters are asked to express their opinions on a particular policy in an official vote.
Results determine if the policy is adopted.
E.g. Switzerland, citizens are asked to vote on issues regularly.
269
Plebiscite
People are asked to vote but it does not determine the adoption of policy.
270
Elections and Parties in Canada
Voting and candidacy age is 18.
Maximum period of 5 years between federal elections.
Limit for individual contributions and Canada Elections Act provides subsidies for 10% candidates.
Referendum has been used but rarely on the federal election.
271
Categories of Political Culture
Gabriel Almond and Sydney Verba (1960s)
Parochial, subject political, participant political.
272
Parochial
Citizens feel removed and have little influence.
273
Subject Political
Citizens are subjected to the decisions of a central gov. without much consultation.
Citizens may be informed but they do not play an active role on a regular basis.
274
Participant Political
Citizens play an active role in the political process, influencing outcomes on a daily basis.
Engage in a constant dynamic relationship with political authorities.
275
Anomic Interest Group
Ad-hoc interest groups that do not have a standard organized composition.
Formed to dela with short-term issues.
275
Associational Interest Group
Interest groups closely related to particular political objectives.
276
Corporatism
Approach to governance that entails close cooperation and coordination among government, business, and labour.
Expectation that such activity will bring more stability to the political economy.
277
Editorial Line
Particula perspective on world events offered by news outlets.
278
Fourth Estate
Media.
Other estates are the clergy, nobles, and commoners.
279
Interest Groups
Groups in a political system that seek to either alter or maintain the approach of gov.
Do not take a formal role in elections or seek an official capacity in gov.
280
Lobbying
Method that business/interest groups apply to direct pressure to the executive, legislative, and bureaucractic branches of gov.
281
Non-Associational Interst Group
Interest groups not closely related/connected with particular political objectives.
282
Opinion Poll
Investigation of public opinion conducted by interviewing a sample of citizens.
283
Policy Community
Collection of actors who have a direct or indirect interest in an issue.
284
Political Action Committees (PACs)
Conglomerations of several interest groups with the purpose of influencing the decisiong-making process more effectively.
285
Pressure Group
Groups in a political system that seek to alter or maintain the approach of gov. without taking a formal role.
Elections or seeking an official capacity in gov.
