Final Flashcards
second half of the course (133 cards)
1
Q
2 main potential benefits of tourism
A
Money and awareness
2
Q
Unintended consequences of tourism
A
Over use of water’
Land taken out of production
Fragmentation
Hunting
Land degradation
Visual degradation
Pollution
Deforestation
Desertification
Extinctions
3
Q
Who are the lion Guardians?
A
- Org that addresses human wildlife conflict
- core values: trust, science based, participation and community oriented, valuing coexistence, collaborative
- work with the massai
- massai are payed not to kill the lions, Cash for cats
- originally put together to save the wild dog
- one of the most effective conservation orgs in the world
4
Q
What is Wildlife Direct? Why is it important?
A
-TV series made for and by Africans
- led by former head of Kenyan wildlife enterprise
- its important because its essential that African people know why its valuable to keep animals alive instead of dead
5
Q
Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust
A
Sustainable eco tourism, anti-poaching, balancing needs of wildlife with needs of the community
6
Q
Where does the majority of funding for conservation come from?
A
International sources
- many countries do not have resources or political support to fund conservation projects
7
Q
Definition and example of white saviorism
A
White person depicted as liberating, uplifting, rescuing non-white people, pattern in which people of color in economically under developed nations that are majority non-white are denied agency and seen as passive recipients of white benevolence
- examples: donated clothing and catholic relief programs, clothes get sold from the government
8
Q
True examples of eco-tourism
A
The Maasai
- camp ya kanzi
- Cooperative, over 7,000 Maasai own it
Located on white families land
- all local materials
- compost
- minimal trash
- don’t cut down trees
- Medical centers
- educate people
- Re-use water
- solar panels
9
Q
Role of China in Africa
A
China has built a lot of infrastructure in africa in exchange for resources (minerals, crops)
- local people not being trained in the crafts
10
Q
How to cultivate awareness? (3)
A
Tourism
Education: zoos, animal parks, animal experiences
Media
11
Q
What is unique about the North Carolina zoo?
A
Largest natural habitat zoo in the world
2600 acres
Supported by the state and is also a national park
12
Q
Other zoos we talked about in class:
A
Chester zoo
Ueno Zoological Park
Berlin Zoo
Bronx Zoo
13
Q
Potential barriers of tourism as a way to cultivate awareness
A
Far away and costs money
14
Q
Why are zoos important?
A
Allow people to connect with animals that they wouldn’t be able to see in the wild
15
Q
How does the extent to which an enclosure resembles a natural space effect peoples ability to connect with them?
A
The more natural the enclosure, the more they care
16
Q
What was the effect of harambe on enclosure style?
A
Zoos around the country feel like they cant have natural or open enclosures
17
Q
4 Pillars of the San Diego Wildlife Alliance
A
- Protect and restore nature
- Healthy wildlife populations
- Flourishing human communities
- Creating connected and resilient communities
18
Q
What is the frozen zoo and what do they do?
A
they house over 10,000 living cell cultures, also perform genetic rescue which means using crisper to strengthen the genetics of endangered species
19
Q
Why is animal petting/ interaction harmful?
A
disrupt natural behaviors
encourage capture and breeding of wild animals
bad for the animals and many baby animals (esp big cats) are killed when they get too big to manage
20
Q
Benefit of zoos (polar bear video) and two examples
A
share understandings gained from research of captive animals and share it in order to gain insights for animal conservation in the wild
Ex: when the gorillas got covid the vet care and nutrition team could share information with groups that protect gorillas in the wild
Ex2: Polar bears on treadmill t collect information about physical abilities and health & better understand their behaviors
21
Q
Story telling in conservation: Aspects to take into consideration
A
- format
- style ad approach
- length
- details
- depth of info
- what message to people hear?
- needs to come from the heart
- affect on consumer choices
- connect science to everyday experiences
22
Q
Why are polar bears particularly adept for being the face of anti-climate change efforts?
A
Emotional connection (they are cute and relatable)
- remarkable families
- facial expressions
23
Q
Where has nature TV Media been most popular
A
most popular inn Europe and specifically In the UK
- BBC has a specific business unit
24
Q
How has nature TV media faired in the US?
A
Disney made nature films (true life adventure)
1990s audience base just wasn’t there
animal planet modeled after BBC, by 2006. no longer profitable
- change of management (Anne Becker) results in: river monsters, mermaids found, AKA more excitement based programs
The problem with this: doesn’t make people care. about animals more
25
What does the Chimpanzee Disney movie tell us about the middle ground? Where did chimpanzee rank in domestic total gross for nature movies?
- finding the middle ground between not anthropomorphizing the animal too much but also getting people to watch the movie, relate to the animal and care about the topic
- Janne used the movie to promote conservation
- offered supplemental educational tools
Ranked third
26
what were some of the challenges of filming Chimpanzee?
took a long time: three years to film
very expensive
much of the film was unusable
27
difference between UK zoos and US zoos
In the UK, they will later nature run its course, in the US, keepers will take ill or problematic animals, more interference
28
ways that social media can promote conservation efforts
- efforts get picked up by mainstream media
- important for poaching (or anti-poaching?)
- Instant awareness
29
African Elephant scientific name
Lloxodanta africana
30
What was our image of elephants based on for a long time in the US? How did this shape our view of them?
Circus elephants
- until they got banned in 2016
- wrangling brothers went bankrupt almost immediately
- makes people think elephants are docile
Dumbo
- engendered sympathy for elephants
- live action dumbo shows shift in our mentality
31
African vs Asian elephants (cultural)
asian elephants used for
- farming,
- sport
- religious ceremonies
In asia, elephants are used to carry burdens, farming, cultural events, can ride them to locations where humans can’t get to, important when it comes to hunting tigers, get the elephnats to suround the tigers, army uses the elephants (serve a variety of functions) signal wealth status prestige, human pop has a use for the elephants being alive because they have an economic value
African elephants are not and this results in more human wildlife conflict. African elephants are less docile, take water from cisterns, trample crops and destroy infrastructure, have no economic value for African people
32
African vs Asian Elephants (physical)
African:
bigger
more wrinkled
more surface area to expel heat
backs are concave
bigger ears because it is hotter and they need veins to expel heat
move air around with their ears
no brow dent
both sexes have tusks
two fingers on the trunk
eat leaves
Asian:
smaller
smoother
convex or straight
small ears
brow dent
females lack tusks or they are small
one finger trunk
eat grass
33
What is particular about the female elephant population in Gorongoza?
Due to poaching a growing number of female elephants in gorongoza are tuskless because nobody was killing the tuskless elephnats for ivory, passed their genes on, tuskless females 5X more likely to survive during a 20 year period
34
Who started the elephant bee project?
A Phd student for their dissertation
35
How did they figure out that elephants are afraid of honey bees?
(Local lore that elephants were afraid of the bees) to test: Recorded behavior and vocalizations, elephants made a special rumble to warn the other elephants about the bees
36
How did they use bees to control elephants? What were some positive effects of the projects?
Installed bee hive fences in Kenya, the elephants roam free but avoid the bees
- local honey goes back to local community
- increased pollination to the crops
37
What is interesting about desert elephants?
They are really bush elephants that adapted to living in the desert
- size and shape of their feet have adapted to walk in the sand and over sand dunes (not a different species)
38
Effect of logging on elephant conservation
Makes elephants vulnerable to poaching
39
African forest elephants are considered a different _________. For how long?
Species
2.5-3 million years
40
African forest elephant scientific name
Loxodonta cyclotis
41
Difference between bush elephants and forest elephants
- Bush elephants are almost twice the size, 3 ft taller
- elongated jaw
- straight tusks
- rounded ears
- smaller skill
- herds are smaller and mature faster
42
What is particular about forest elephant footprints?
You don’t see them until you fall into them
43
What is particular about forest elephant ivory?
Pinkish hue, very highly valued, very hard so it can be used to make intricate carvings
44
Why are forest elephants important to the ecosystem?
They are a keystone species that propagate the forest by eating and pooping out and therefore distributing seeds
45
How many teeth do elephants have? What is special about them?
4 sets of teeth, move forward as the ones in front fall out, tooth that grows in is larger than the last, can eight up to 8 pounds, when all the teeth fall out, elephant diodes of malnutrition
46
What are elephant tusks? What are they used for?
They are teeth!
They are used to remove bark, mark territory, dig holes
Like humans, elephants are right tusked or left tusked (predominantly right tusked)
47
Where is hunting for ivory most severe? Is ivory trade legal?
Africa, No
48
Loxodinta africana characteristics
- found in the southern care of africa
- wide variety of habitats, making them difficult to conserve
- herbivores
- impact on the environment can be severe
- large area needed for food source to recover
- Eastern Africa die off, found to be a bacteria in the water
49
How is San Diego zoo funded? Acreage?
Privately funded
1800 acres
50
LA Zoo elephant conservation
Owned and operated by the city
4 Asian elephants, roughly 3 acres
51
What is the difference between the trade of elephant ivory and rhino horns? What effect does banning the trade have?
- Elephant tusks are large, cannot be traded easily, cannot be removed the tusk without killing the elephant, government takes the responsibility for the tusks
- Meanwhile, rhino horns are smaller, individual rhino owners need to figure out how to remove and store the horns
- when ivory was sold, flooded the market and decreased the demand until that supply was used up
- rhino owners don't want to flood the market but instead want to provide steady supply
- blocked by animal activist groups that say rhinos need to keep their horns
52
Differences between the white rhino and black rhino
White rhino:
- longer forehead
- square lip for eating grass
- larger than the black rhino
much more passive, hang out with other rhinos
- about 16,800 individuals left
Black rhinos
- shorter forehead
- pointed lip for pulling leaves off branches
- very aggressive, don't hang with other rhinos
- 6,4000 individuals left
53
what happened with the black rhino relocation in Botswana
they tried to leave because they could tell it wasn't their area (didn't smell like them), they are very territorial and mark their territory
54
___ sub saharan African countries rely on fish for more than ___ of their protein intake
22, 20%
55
Differences between ocean and land wildlife conservation:
Habitat degradation instead of loss (ocean level rise actually creates more habitat)
Human-wildlife conflict is not an issue
56
Threats to ocean wildlife
Overfishing #1
Habitat degradation
- Catchment runoff
- invasive alien species
- boating
- mining
- pollution
- Coastal development
- uncontrolled tourism
57
How to measure ocean wildlife health?
Health of fish based on the size of catch, problem: you kill them
size of the fish that is caught
how do you measure fish in the ocean?
- meter stick
- laser measurements
58
There are ____ marine protected areas in South Africa. ___ are "no take"
21, 8
59
Describe the initiative to protect ocean wildlife inn Mozambique
extended an MPA to the area to protect the coral reefs, has been very successful
60
What is coral bleaching? What is it caused by?
- Bleaching = there is only the skeleton left of the coral
- ocean acidification
- warming of the ocean
- tourists damage coral by standing on it
- pollution
61
There are ____ bird species and ___ primate families endemic to Madagascar
4, 5
62
____ Lemur species exist on Madagascar. ____ of them are under threat of extinction
107, all
63
Islands around Madagascar
Comoros
Seychelles
mauritius
Reunion
64
What is unique to Seychelles wildlife?
Home to the giant tortoise and has the largest number of endemic amphibians
- do not share animal groups that you see on the mainland
65
Taxonomy slide
Mammals , 92%
Birds 58%
Reptiles 95%
Amphibians 99%
66
Madagascar is roughly ______ times the size of which US state?
2x the size of Arizona
67
Since the arrival of humans, forest cover on Madagascar has been reduced by _____. What are some of the main causes of late?
90%, Slash and burn agriculture, logging, Zebu cattle ranching
68
Why is forest loss detrimental on Madagascar?
Causes erosion because soil is loose without roots to hold it in place
69
What kind of environments exist on Madagascar?
A variety— desert, forest, rainforest
70
Why are invasive species a problem on Madagascar?
Humans bring them onto the island for food or to feed livestock, no defenses because island is isolated, threatens the survival of endemic species
71
Describe the importance of mangroves on the island of Madagascar. What is happening to them?
Protect the island from storms by acting as a buffer and preventing erosion
Provide a habitat for mollusks, fish, crabs, birds, coral reefs off of the mangroves
- they are being converted for growing rice and shrimp farming
72
Why cant species from Madagascar go to the mainland?
Currents change and go in the opposite direction
73
Three birds endemic to Madagascar
Red owl
Crested serpent eagle
Pochard (15 left found in a single lake)
74
Why did the pochards numbers decline ?
Non native fish introduced that ate the poachards eggs and nesting sites, rice cultivation, gill net fishing, cattle
75
What is a relic species? What example did we get in class?
A species that is unchanged over the centuries, identical now to what is was thousands of years ago, whole slew of relic bid species .
76
At least ___ bird species have gone extinct on Madagascar
10
77
What happened to the dodo?
The Dutch were mad that it didnt taste good so they killed all fo them
78
Where did the megafauna go?
Either become much larger or smaller depending on conditions
- Hippos made it over, evolved to be tiny but then Went through dwarfing
- Elephant bird was Larger than any other bird
- Giant lemur the size of a gorilla
- Less than 3% of what was once on the isand is extinct
79
Amphibians on Madagascar
Only one is not endemic
- Tomato frog about the size of a bullfrog
- Bright color is their warning mechanism, makes no effort, just waits for food to pass, secretes mucus that tastes bad (similar to rainfrog is mainland frog (tiny, doesnt jump, doesnt live in water, lives in caves, crawl out of whole, rainfrog puffs itself up and covers itself in mucus, squeaks, gets its water from the rain)
Cooper’s black caeclian
Chameleons 134 in the world
59 are only found in madagascar
Does not change color to blend in, does it according to the mood, mating, weather, scared, eyes move independently, one of them lives only 5 months
80
Fossa
Not a cat
Largest member of mongoose family, up to 6 ft long, 30 pounds, top predator on madagascar, eats lemurs, really good climber, retractable claws like a cat
81
Streaked tenrec
Important to keeping the insect pop in check
Hedgehog possum family
82
Madagascar flying fox
Great seed disperser
Losing a lot of habitat
Very popular food source
83
Indri
Lemur super family
Largest of living primates on madagascar
Thought of as being lemurs and they technically are they are part of the superfamily
Live in the low land and mountain forest, roughly size of big house cat, sits and jumps straight up, verticle jumping, monagamus and only take a new mate when late one dies, call sounds like a roar or whale call
84
Sifaka
Hop around on two legs
Go in the trees and on the ground
85
Lemuroidea super family
107 species in danger
Hunted for pet trade and for food
Wild life anbassadors for madagascar, elephant of madagascar
Each one has a different ecological niche, wide variety of characteristics and habitats
Mouse lemur is the smallest primate in the world
When you are trying to protect them, go with what everyone knows… ?
Conservation plans themselves need to be adjusted for every species
They get lumped together
Aye aye lemur: long finger nails and tap on the trees, vibration causes insects to move up to the top, size of a cocker spaniel
86
Tortoise
radiated tortoise
south of Madagascar
illegal pet trade
one of most iconic species in madagascar
Heavily trafficked
Ploughshare
Bangkok wildlife market
*** most endangered tortoise in the world, only a few d left in the wild=, 100 or more years of life
Status symbol in asian countries
87
Marc Ravalomanana
2001 -2009
Eco tourism, education, very strict environmental law, environment recovered while he was in office
Tripled protected areas, became 10% of the area
88
New pres: Andry Rajoelina
Reversed all of environmental laws after a coup
2009- 2014
2019- 2023
Just last week he was re-elected
Lifted ban on logging
Plant equivalent of elephant tusks
Asian market, they are right next door
Illegal for US or european country to purchase these woods
Gibson guitars
Companies complaint was that seizing the wood would cost the company money, job killers
35 when he took office sfterr the coup, he was a DJ before
Violent circumstances of last election, lowest turnnout in history
Land degradation and deforestation
Endemic wildlife has no place to go, problem is that its an island
Nothing to replace the species, no rescue pop
89
Theory of island biogeography
Think that the continent of africa is an isalnd
Is kind of like thta, water on three sides, desert on top
On a smaller scale, every country andw ild life reserve in subsaharan africa has become an island
Fragmentation
Bounded by roads, cities, fences
The smaller that an area is and the more isolated, the more prone to extinction
In south africa, have an annual animal culling, other reserves have large predators that need more hooved stock to eat if their own stock is not reproducing fast enough, – replenishinhg
90
The big problem (SLOSM)
Single
Large
Or
Several
Small
91
What are some considerations for single large or several small?
On a big reserve so you have more species, edge makes animals more vulnerable to outside influences (weather, disaster)
If you only have a single small area, emtire pop gets wiped out becuase ts all in one spot
How many little ones, what shape? Overlapping?
Whatever you have, if there is more than one you need to connect them
Natural inntechange of species
No perfect reserve
The roads across africa, interspersed are game reserves
Major source of disterbance, access to animals, acess to pollutants for animals, roads create habitat islands
92
How does SLOSM relate to elephant conservation?
If population explodes and you have too many they either:
- Leave if there aren't resources
- Cull them or fence them in– restricting their population (good because you don't have too many but also restricts their genetic diversity and therefore more vulnerable to disease) Therefore, in your efforts to save the animal, has the opposite effect
Super important to connect reserves: underpass in kenya that opened a couple years ago
Elephant pop had been divided in 2 groups, how to fix that?
Every single overpass or underpass has been used by the animals
Rope ladders
93
What is the “large plan” in east Africa
Not allowing unused land to be converted for farmland
Connecting large area in east africa
Connects already protected areas
Corridors generally supported by the local people
94
What are some examples of conservation success stories?
De winton’s golden mole
Black mambas
Echo parakeet
Namibia
Sine-Saleum Delta
Wild dogs in gorongoza
95
Country’s ecological stability is directly corrected to
Political
Economic and
Social stability
96
Pros and cons of technology for conservation
calls to action and immediate spread of info, but also can inform poachers through GPS and communication
97
Who are the black mambas and what do they do?
Anti- poaching unit 2013 trans African frontier
Majority female
Originally formed for small nature reserved and now is expanded
Kruger national park
All female units are being deployed in many countries
Exist because of sexism
Problem we have is the men loose interest
Who??? He chose women to study he great apes
Women more patient and more willing to sit and do nothing for hours on end
Men get distracted, women will focus better
Had no weapons
women are trainned and they find the camps of poachers and then destoy the camps, excellent trackers
In four years reduced poaching levels by 70%
Innovation in conservation award
All have families
They are more meticulous, more loyal to the job, never known to be bribed
Black mambas the most dealy snake
98
Echo parakeet
Island
On the brink of extinction
Aggressive conservation program
By 2005 60 breeding pairs
Started intensive population management
As of last year, 350 breeding pairs
99
Namibia
40% is uder active consnervation management
Most notable result: lions black rhinnos zebras and cheetah populations (largest pop of wild cheetas in the world) uptick
First to incorporate conservatiion in the constitution
Only country where numbers are growing year to year
Since june there was a coup in august (influenced by outside forces
People were happy about some things
They had good eco-tourism
Economy was improving
100
Sine-Saleum Delta
Mangrove forrest are some of most productive ecosystems on the planet
On the verge of being destroyed a decade ago, community conservation stopped the selling of the mangroves, now fully protected, unesco world heritage site
Federal government was selling off mangroves in exchange for infrastructure
101
Conservation issues that the elephant is emblematic of
Human wildlife conflict
Competition with livestock
Habitat degradation
habitat loss
Hunting
102
Cheetahs
Poaching for body parts
Around 12,000 left
103
Why are radiated tourists poached?
Pet trade
104
Why do Vultures get poached?
because they dont want them to give away the location, poisoning the carcasses of other animals to kill the vultures
Kill it so they can poach other animals
105
Two key aspects of protection
Patrols and education
106
The reality of conservation in africa
Number one:
only way its going to suceed is the economic benefit to the people
Cant cost them anything
Economic benefit even through just living a healthier life
Never going to success without the people
107
biggest market in the world for rhino horns
vietnam
108
San Diego wildlife alliance toolbox
Community engagement
Conservation tech
Disease surveillance
Ecological applications
Genetico rescue
Frozen zoo
Seed bank
Population augmentation
Wildlife health nutrition and care
Wildlife welfare monitoring
Social science techniques
Reproductive management
109
Why is it important that African elephants eat leaves?
because devastated the landscape but they perform a function: trees regrow rapidly because they have adapted
110
Loxodonta africana sub-species
… africana (South African elephant)
… knochenhaueri (East african bush elephant)
… oxyotis (west african bush species)
Different species:
… loxodonta cyclotis (African forest elephant)
110
Most poached animals
Pangolin (scales, meat, Zimbabwe sign of respect and used as gifts)
- 3 million poached annually
Gorilla (infants taken from lowland gorillas, forest gorillas won’t survive in captivity)
Elephants
Rhino
Cheetah
Lion (uptick in poaching, poached for paws and teeth)
110
Name of reserve from rhino talk
Where is it?
How did it start?
Mankwe wildlife reserve
South Africa
Buffer zone between munitions factory
111
Poaching timelines at the mankwe wildlife reserve
Took off in 2008, peaked in 2011 but they didnt kill any rhinos at the reserve until 2014
112
What was different about the mankwe research that prevented poaching for so long?
Constant activity because it is a research facility
113
What was important about the photo of Winnie?
Saddest photo of 2017, rallied conservation efforts
114
Two reasons why Lynn cant give up the rhinos
The rhinos themselves
The family at mankwe
115
What happened the first day of the rhino de-hornings
Patrol died during the first de-horning from internal bleeding (had been previously injured by poachers)
116
Where are the rhino horns from the reserve kept?
Secure vault in Johannasburg
117
What happened during Covid at the mankwe reserve?
Survived on donations and fundraising because groups weren’t coming
118
In the 1900s there were _____ rhinos, now there are ______
10 million
400,000
119
___ % of rhinos are killed per year while there is a ___% pop growth
4%
5%
120
1980s ______ elephants killed per year
1990s-2020 ________
2011 ______ killed ‘
2019 ______ killed
100,000
30,000
40,000
11,000
121
in _______ CITIES total ban on ivory trading
1990
122
Rhino horn grinding
Vietnam
123
Elephant Tracking methods
Radio/gps/collaring
Dung
Ariel
Spoor (Foot prints)
124
What is M.I.K.E.?
Monitoring the illegal killing of elephants
- measure levels and trends of illegal elephant hunting
Determine changes in trends over time
Determine if CITES is doing about it
125
US FWS fund elephant conservation projects in ____ countries.
Walk Disney funds ___.
37, 12
126
Why is a circle the best shape for habitat
Decreases edge
127
Significance of the Hirola
Completion with livestock
- add to flash card
127
What is the ifaw room to roam initiative
Connecting habitats
128
Main problems in conservation
Conflict with humans
- Ethiopian wolf and african wild dog
Competition with livestock
- hirola
Habitat degradation
Habitat loss
- giant golden mole
- Malagasy giant jumping rat
Hunted
- black and white ruffled lemur
- Sahafary sportive lemur
Poaching
- cheetah
- vulture
- radiated tortoise
129
Finding the middle
130
Lemur superfamily scientific name
Lemuroidea
