Final

Question 1

A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha

Answer 1

Buddhism

Question 2

1. Achieve enlightenment by renouncing all worldly desires.
2. Attempt to break the karmic cycle of rebirth (aka human suffering)
3. Break the suffering through rescinding all desire and ultimately of the “self” with meditation or yoga

Answer 2

3 core ideas of Buddhism

Question 3

They are the Buddhist writings concerned with the cycle of rebirth

Answer 3

Upanishads

Question 4

The reincarnation of human/animal forms according to how beings conduct in a previous life which is dependent on their morality in the previous life

Answer 4

Karma in Buddhism

Question 5

Rigorous self denial and active self restraint of earthy pleasures, (ex. Starring oneself)

Answer 5

Asceticism

Question 6

3 bends, involves a “serpentine” type pose, appears throughout Indian art in both figures and designs

Answer 6

Tribhanga pose

Question 7

A dome shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine, often containing his ashes

Answer 7

Stupa

Question 8

What did the architectural structure of the Stupa symbolize?

Answer 8

A representation of cosmology, a symbol of the heavens surrounding the earth, a way of depicting a shrunken down form of the universe

Question 9

Why night the Buddha not be represented in art?

Answer 9

If Buddhism is about physical transcension, the representation of his body is not important and there was no appropriate way to represent him. (Ex. Architrave on the great stupa)

Question 10

How was the Buddha represented in early Buddhist art?

Answer 10

As “the wheel of law”, as wheels were associated with the sun, the cosmos, and the supreme/divine law

Question 11

1. Hiyana/theravada: Buddha as a historical human figure
2. Mahayana: Buddha as an eternal god, anyone can become a Buddha in process

Answer 11

2 main paths for Buddhism

Question 12

1. Unhnisha (bumb atop of head)
2. Big ear lobs
3. Right hand raised
4. Monastic robe

Answer 12

Key visual aspects of the Buddha in Mahayana Buddhist art

Question 13

Representation of the Buddha influenced by Hellenistic art (seen through the folds of the dress)

Answer 13

Gandharan Buddha

Question 14

In Hindu art, depiction of shiva as a phallus or cosmic pillar demonstrating the power of sexual organs in relation to god.

Answer 14

Linga

Question 15

An act of prayer/meditation in creating the object itself and for the viewer gazing at it was also meditation

Answer 15

The artist’s process in the making of Hindu art

Question 16

Artists were like “agents” of a deity, responsible for communicating the mystical power of the deity to humanity following the conventions of representation, individual artistic willer vision is not the objective of their artistic creation

Answer 16

The role of an artist in Hindu art

Question 17

What is the point of depicting mortal figures in states of sexual congress in Hindu art?

Answer 17

Meant to communicate the joy of divine uniting with humanitylex. Ratha structures)

Question 18

A temple complex built in the Khmer empire and dedicated to the Hindu God vinshu

Answer 18

Angkor wat

Question 19

Buddhist architects and artists used what as a teaching tool?

Answer 19

Ornamentation

Question 20

Refers to Greek art after the classical period

Answer 20

Hellenistic Art

Question 21

The conquering of the Grecian empire and consequently the culture (art and architecture) was the result of?

Answer 21

The Romans expanding across Europe

Question 22

A stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription and associated with the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece.

Answer 22

Sarcophogus

Question 23

What is the difference between Hellenistic art and its Roman copies

Answer 23

Roman copies are more muscular, wider in figure and stiffer in pose in comparison to Hellenistic figures

Question 24

What represents the shift from classical to Hellenistic art?

Answer 24

The shift to more allegoric/symbolic representations of gods/goddesses

Question 25

What is the appropriation of roman/grecian style art/architecture representative of in contemporary culture?

Answer 25

Used to reflect a sense of authority/power alike to the Roman Empire

Question 26

Represented the power and authority of the state all throughout the Roman Empire, an image of propaganda

Answer 26

The image of Augustus

Question 27

The period between about 250 and 600, which bridged the classical world and the Middle Ages

Answer 27

Late antiquity

Question 28

Constantine won a battle due to a vision of a cross in the sky and converted Christianity, normalizing across Roman society

Answer 28

Normalization of Christianity in late antiquity

Question 29

Standardization of visual and linguistic symbols the alpha and the omega, the Christian fish, the Shepard, a new visual language, telling staples with pictures

Answer 29

Christian iconography

Question 30

A semi-circular space that sits at the back of the church

Answer 30

Apse

Question 31

A short flight of steps used as a platform by a preacher in a mosque

Answer 31

Minbar

Question 32

An ornament or pattern resembling a rose

Answer 32

Rosette

Question 33

Why aren't figurative images allowed inside sacred spaces and texts in Islam?

Answer 33

Considered a form of idolatry

Question 34

The holy book of Islam thought to offer protection from evil

Answer 34

Qur’an

Question 35

Why weren't artists credited a many Muslim artworks?

Answer 35

Because they want to focus on the divine, as putting the name of an individual artist may be an act of idolatry or pride

Question 36

A niche in the wall of a mosque, at the nearest point to Mecca, toward which the congregation faces to pray

Answer 36

Mihrab

Question 37

Scroll like twisting form that looks like beak or wings

Answer 37

Rumi pattern

Question 38

The direction toward Mecca which Muslims face in prayer

Answer 38

Qiblah

Question 39

The name for a chapter of the Quran

Answer 39

surah

Question 40

Decorative element added to architecture often in corners, 3D and made from many varied materials - (earthenware, wood, and stone)

Answer 40

muqarnas

Question 41

How does the Quran influence Islamic art?

Answer 41

Calls for a deep reverence of the natural world, hence the references to plants/animals and the garden of paradise (jannat)

Question 42

What is the point of Islamic art?

Answer 42

A vehicle to bring us to a state of mind to focus on God (rather than the artisan) and evoke a feeling of mysticism

Question 43

The conflict over the veneration of religious images of Christ and the saints in the Byzantine empire (icons vs. Idols)

Answer 43

Iconoclastic controversy

Question 44

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the western half

Answer 44

Byzantine empire

Question 45

Visual imagery that communicates its meaning through symbols that may be interpreted in relation to its contemporary social and cultural values

Answer 45

Icon

Question 46

How can an icon be religious?

Answer 46

Believed to be a material gateway to the spiritual world, a means of communion with divine power

Question 47

What can an icon represent?

Answer 47

Icons reflect the relationships between the material world, human beings, and divine power believed to have created them all (the 3 realms)

Question 48

The role of the artist is to reflect divine beauty and not to imitate nature but refer to archetypal forms present in the spiritual world

Answer 48

Neoplatonism

Question 49

What did light represent in iconography?

Answer 49

A source of goodness because god was pure light

Question 50

What are some characteristics of the representation of the human form in Byzantine icons?

Answer 50

Long hands, long noses, small mouth, and large eyes

Question 51

W hat is the point of inverse perspective?

Answer 51

It invites and holds back the onlookers gaze to the image itself rather than on the depths of the picture

Question 52

The visual images and symbols used in a work of art or the study or interpretation of these

Answer 52

Iconography

Question 53

Seen by historians as the "dark ages" between the end of the Roman Empire until the renaissance period

Answer 53

Medieval/Middle Ages

Question 54

A community of monks, became centres of authority in the British isles

Answer 54

Monastery

Question 55

Why were monasteries important to the medieval art world?

Answer 55

Places where a lot of religious art was created such as the lindisfarne gospels

Question 56

How is the style of Early medieval art developed?

Answer 56

A mixing of classical/late antiquity with new celtic/germanic traditions

Question 57

A mass phenomenon in the middle ages, a literal religious journey

Answer 57

Pilgrimage

Question 58

1. Finely rendered geometric designs 2. Repeated rumi patterns/scrolls 3. Arabesques/plant forms

Answer 58

Key qualities of Islamic ornamentation

Question 59

Signifying "show", to show off the commodities represented in the piece

Answer 59

Prank

Question 60

A Dutch word designating a type of still-life painting that portrays expensive objectives, painted with great attention to detail with dark or shadowed backgrounds

Answer 60

Pronkstilleven

Question 61

What was the role of the artist in 17th century Northern Europe

Answer 61

The artists depict and are directly involved in the new market/merchant dealings

Question 62

What was a major shift in the artist's role once entering the northern Renaissance?

Answer 62

Since regular people could afford to buy paintings due to their new economy, many people bought art for their private homes, a shift from most images being public religious arts

Question 63

The economic evolution of northern Europe, nativity of capitalism symbolize what? H

Answer 63

Still lives

Question 64

A Dutch still-life that includes bread and fruit, a moment of simplicity

Answer 64

Breakfast pieces

Question 65

What is the difference between a pronkstilleven and a breakfast piece?

Answer 65

Pronkstillevens present a scene of confusion while breakfast pieces display simplicity

Question 66

Valuable product

Answer 66

Commodity

Question 67

A collectors cabinet where a collection of curiosities and rarities is exhibited

Answer 67

Wunderkammer

Question 68

A catalog of an artist collector's works in a single painting

Answer 68

Konstkammer

Question 69

What distinguishes Zen Buddhism from other forms of Buddhism?

Answer 69

1. Buddha was not a historical figure but something within one 2. Believed the ritual and warship aren't vehicles for enlightenment rather it is through meditation (can be achieved through art)

Question 70

What caused there to be a consistency in aesthetic trends in eco Japan?

Answer 70

Japan's policy of isolation

Question 71

1. Rise of humanism 2. Increase in education and universities 3. a new class of the rich that aren't nobility 4. Court based system developed in Italy

Answer 71

The factors that shifted the European sphere into the Italian Renaissance

Question 72

Why was the Protestant Reformation important to the role of the artist?

Answer 72

Caused there to be less of an importance for artists to be solely dedicated to creating religious art

Question 73

A renaissance intellectual movement recognizing that a man has free will and capacity for intellectualism

Answer 73

Humanism

Question 74

A recognition not one's capacity for intellect, is a recognition of god's given gifts and is reflective of living a good virtuous life

Answer 74

How the belief system works so it doesn't contradict the ideal of Catholicism at the time

Question 75

The temporal, mortal realm

Answer 75

Microcosm

Question 76

The divine universe

Answer 76

macrocosm

Question 77

How did the Humanists justify studying the natural world without going against their religion?

Answer 77

Believed that discovering reason illuminates the Christian faith and truth

Question 78

Pigment that is applied to wet plaster on the wall creating a slightly chalky effect of colour.

Answer 78

Fresco

Question 79

Why was there a revival of Greek and pagan mythology in art

Answer 79

The Greeks were symbols of divine truth, as they believed God gave them divine wisdom specially

Question 80

What did churches symbolize in the west?

Answer 80

The symbol of divine presence on earth (house of God)

Question 81

Perspective engorging the viewer to move into the painting rather than the painting coming out at the viewer

Answer 81

Linear perspective

Question 82

The highlights and shadows with an even lighting that creates the illusion that the object has three dimensional volume.it creates a sense of depth and believability in the forms as actually bodies that exist in space

Answer 82

Chiaroscuro shading

Question 83

A symbol of divine order, the rational, humanist understanding of the natural world, and man's place within

Answer 83

The renaissance period's focus on mathematical ratios within art

Question 84

What's the difference between Byzantine inverse perspective and Renaissance linear perspective?

Answer 84

Byzantine inverse perspective emphasizes the separation of mortal and divine Renaissance linear perspective emphasizes the entrance of the mortal into the pictorial space

Question 85

Symbolizes the world as created in the vision of God, perfect and the epitome of divine grace, capturing and individuals inner beauty

Answer 85

Why Renaissance painters capture their subjects in an idealized representation

Question 86

Not only limited to kings, bishops, saints but to merchant, wives of prominent figures, young women

Answer 86

Why renaissance portraiture was so distinct from previous eras

Question 87

He was releasing the eternal divine from the corrupt shell that it had trapped within. So it is easy to understand that he believed his sculpture was the symbol of the eternal and divine grace of God

Answer 87

Michelangelo's thought process in sculpting a work out of Mable

Question 88

A symbol of one's faith, as your faith runs so deep you do not need clothes because you are protected by God, a symbol of the soul

Answer 88

Nudity in renaissance art.

Question 89

Their role was to creat art for their patrons and commissioners

Answer 89

Role of an artist in the renaissance era

Question 90

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

Answer 90

Baroque

Question 91

Caused the counter reformation by the Catholic Church to reaffirm the necessity of religious art

Answer 91

The impact of the protestant reformation on the baroque era

Question 92

Set into motion by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church

Answer 92

Protestant reformation (1517)

Question 93

1. Edifying (educational) 2. Persuasive 3. Appealing to the emotions

Answer 93

What the church believed are should be.

Question 94

1. Painterliness 2. Expansivenessartwork glues impression that it continues beyond borders 3.Pictor a effects over legibility of form 4. Tenebrism

Answer 94

Qualities of baroque Art

Question 95

The use of strong chiaroscuro and artificially illuminated areas to create a dramatic contrast of light and dark in a painting

Answer 95

Tenebrism

Question 96

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason to understand the world, believed they could rationally govern themselves

Answer 96

The enlightenment

Question 97

Through the creation of Royal academic such as the Royal academy of Art, patronizing the enlightenment philosophers

Answer 97

How Louis XIV brought the enlightenment to France

Question 98

Symbolizes The decadence of the aristocracy and the court

Answer 98

Rococo Art

Question 99

How did rococo style differ from baroque style?

Answer 99

Baroque stressed grandeur and power, rococo emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action

Question 100

Louis XIV called for more light-hearted and youthful work (the swing, Fragonard)

Answer 100

How rococo Art was formed