Final

Question 1

What is immunity?

Answer 1

The ability to ward off damage or disease.

Question 2

Susceptibility

Answer 2

The lack of resistance to a given pathogen.

Question 3

Innate immunity

Answer 3

-Present at birth
-Rapid response to all kinds of diseases
-Acts against all microbes the same way
-There are two lines of defense

Question 4

1st line of defense

Answer 4

-Skin/mucous membranes
-Secreted fluids/chemicals/pH control
-Defecation/vomiting
-Lysozyme

Question 5

Second line of defense

Answer 5

-Natural killer cells
-Phagocytes
-Inflammation
-Fever

Question 6

Adaptive immunity

Answer 6

-Develop in response to contact with specific pathogen or antigen
-Occurs over long period of time
-Can “remember” previous contact with that specific pathogen

Question 7

Lymph

Answer 7

-Tissue fluid formed at the post-capillary venule
-It percolates through cells taking up wastes, and is collected by the lymphatic system

Question 8

Lymphatic system

Answer 8

Made up of lymphatic vessels which have several way stations along the way as lymph drains back to the venous system.

Question 9

Lymphatic vessels/capillaries

Answer 9

Begin as closed-ended in tissue spaces between cells
(One way flow)

Question 10

Lacteals

Answer 10

Specialized lymphatic vessels that exist exclusively in the digestive system in order to absorb dietary lipids.

Question 11

How does lymph cycle

Answer 11

Lymphatic vessels flow through a local cluster of lymph nodes and then ultimately flow into one of two ducts.

Question 12

Thoracic duct

Answer 12

-Main duct (over 75%)
-Begins as the cisterna chyli (a dilation in the abdomen)
-Collects all lymph from the abdomen and lower limbs
-Receives lymph from the left head, neck, and chest

Question 13

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 13

-Receives lymph from right side of the head, neck and chest

Question 14

Primary lymphatic organs and tissues

Answer 14

-Sites of stem cell division and development off immunocompetent B and T lymphocytes

Question 15

Where are the primary lymphatic organs and tissues found?

Answer 15

Red bone marrow and thymus

Question 16

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

Answer 16

-The site of most actual immune responses
-Second line of defense mechanisms of innate immunity as well as adaptive immune response

Question 17

Where is the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues located?

Answer 17

Lymphatic follicles, lymph nodes, chief lymph node, and spleen b

Question 18

Thymus

Answer 18

A bi-load organ with a connective tissue capsule that atrophies as we age.

Question 19

T Cells

Answer 19

Migrate to the thymus to multiply and mature

Question 20

Dendritic cells

Answer 20

Derived from monocytes learn from t cells and end up in the skin

Question 21

Red bone marrow

Answer 21

Exist in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones in adults and in nearly every bone in children

Question 22

Stem cells within the marrow

Answer 22

Produces both B and T lympocytes

Question 23

Where do T cells mature

Answer 23

T cells migrate to the thymus to mature

Question 24

Where does B cells mature

Answer 24

B cells stay in the bone to mature

Question 25

B

Answer 25

Bone marrow

Question 26

T

Answer 26

Thymus

Question 27

Where are lymph nodes located?

Answer 27

Along lymphatic

Question 28

Afferent and efferent

Answer 28

Many afferent (incoming) vessels will enter a node with only one or two efferent (outgoing) vessels leaving.

Question 29

Where do efferent vessels leave

Answer 29

Leave through depression in the lymph node called the hilum.

Question 30

What is the primary function of lymph nodes

Answer 30

Filter for foreign substances.

Question 31

Spleen

Answer 31

Largest lymphatic organ and is made up of two types of tissue mass (white and red pulp)

Question 32

White pulp

Answer 32

Operational immune cells. Acts as a lymph node

Question 33

3 types of tonsils

Answer 33

-Palatine -Lingual -Pharyngeal

Question 33

Red pulp

Answer 33

Red blood cell graveyard

Question 33

Lymphatic follicles

Answer 33

Are concentrations of lymphatic tissue that do not have a capsule which is why they cannot be classified as a organ.

Question 34

Metastasis

Answer 34

The spread of cancer to the surrounding tissue

Question 35

What are the proximal boundaries to the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 35

Nasal/oral cavity

Question 36

What are the distal boundaries to the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 36

Larynx

Question 37

What are the proximal boundaries to the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 37

Larynx

Question 38

What are the distal boundaries to the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 38

Lungs/alveoli

Question 39

What are the boundaries and functions of the conducting zone?

Answer 39

Nasal/oral cavity -> terminal bronchioles

Question 40

What are the boundaries and functions of the respiratory zone?

Answer 40

Respiratory bronchioles -> alveolus

Question 41

Nasal cavity

Answer 41

First part of the respiratory system

Question 42

Floor (inferior border)

Answer 42

Hard & soft palate

Question 43

Roof (superior border)

Answer 43

Frontal & ethmoid bones

Question 44

Three pairs of conchae

Answer 44

Superior, middle, and inferior

Question 45

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 45

A group of four bony spaces lined by mucosa situated around the nasal and oral cavities.

Question 46

Pharynx

Answer 46

The great connector for the ears, nose, mouth, as they all eventually into the stomach

Question 47

Nasopharynx

Answer 47

From the posterior nasal cavity to the soft palate

Question 48

what passes through the nasopharynx?

Answer 48

Air

Question 49

Oropharynx

Answer 49

From the soft palate to the epiglottis

Question 50

What passes through the oropharynx?

Answer 50

Air, food, liquids

Question 51

Laryngopharynx

Answer 51

From the epiglottis to the larynx

Question 52

What passes through the laryngopharynx?

Answer 52

Air, foods, liquids

Question 53

Epiglottis

Answer 53

A piece of cartilage which is covered in mucosa. -Moves during swallowing

Question 54

Glottis

Answer 54

The opening into the larynx with two mucous membrane folds embedded within, its deep, lateral surface

Question 55

Ventricular folds

Answer 55

False fold

Question 56

Vocal folds

Answer 56

True vocal fold

Question 57

Trachea

Answer 57

-Also known as the windpipe -Descends from the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and ends by dividing into the right and left primary/main bronchi

Question 58

Bronchial tree

Answer 58

The bronchial tree refers to a branching sequences of airways including the trachea and the various dividing branches of the bronchi/bronchioles

Question 59

Visceral pleura

Answer 59

Covers each lung and is tightly adhered to the surface of the surface of the lung itself

Question 60

Parietal pleura

Answer 60

Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity and forms a distinct chamber for each lung to sit