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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Orthostatic intolerance

A

Plasma volume loss and pooling in LE when upright -> exaggerated HR and decreased diastolic filling

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2
Q

Cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x HR

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3
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected during each heartbeat

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4
Q

Cardiovascular effects of bed rest

A

Reduced cardiac output due to reduced volume, increased venous compliance, orthostatic intolerance, increased resting HR

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5
Q

DVT Virchows triad

A

Venous stasis (pooling), vessel trauma, hypercoagulability

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6
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Peripheral clot that dislodges and goes to lungs. Symptoms are dyspnea, chest pain, coughing

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7
Q

Pulmonary effects of prolonged bedrest

A

Decreased strength and endurance of ventilatory muscles, increased RR and work of breathing, pneumonia risk due to pooling of mucus

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8
Q

Gastrointestinal effects of prolonged bedrest

A

Decreased appetite and fluid intake, constipation due to decreased motility of small intestine in supine

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9
Q

Urinary effects of prolonged bedrest

A

Excretion of sodium in urine causing decreased blood volume, increased risk of UTI, trouble voiding

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10
Q

95% of pressure injuries occur where?

A

Heels, sacrum, ischial tuberosities, back of head,

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11
Q

Delirium

A

Can be Due to prolonged bedrest, meds, anesthesia. Can be hyperactive, hypoactive, or a mix

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12
Q

Blood pressure normal vs not

A

120/80. Stage 1 hypertension 140/90, stage 2 160/100

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13
Q

Hypervolemia

A

Fluid imbalance causing fatigue and SOB

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14
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Fatigue and elevated HR

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15
Q

Sodium

A

Fluid balance and muscle contractions

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16
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Too much sodium. Irritable, tachycardia, seizure, coma
Hold at >150

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17
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Too little sodium. Lethargy, seizure, coma.
Hold at <125

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18
Q

Potassium

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle contractions

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19
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Weakness, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, numbness/tingling, paralysis
Hold at >5.1

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20
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Weakness, cramps, cardiac arrest, arrhythmias
Hold at <3.2

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21
Q

Calcium

A

Bone and cell growth

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22
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Arrhythmia, weakness, poor tolerance

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23
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Anxiety, confusion, cramps
Hold at <6.0

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24
Q

Chloride

A

Associated with sodium for fluid balance

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25
Hyperchloremia
Lethargy, tachycardia, weakness
26
Hypochloremia
Irritability, cramping, twitching
27
CO2
Elevated= acidosis and elevated pH: lethargy Decreased= alkalosis and decreased pH: confusion and dizziness
28
Platelets
<5000= bed rest
29
Hemoglobin
Binds and transports O2 in RBCs High= clogging Low= heart failure
30
Hematocrit
Percentage of red blood cells in total blood Assesses blood loss and fluid balance
31
Tracheal
Over trachea, high pitched, 1:1
32
Bronchial
Over manubrium, 1:2
33
Bronchovesicular
Between scapulae, 1:1
34
Vesicular
Most commonly heard, mostly hear inhale 3:1
35
Stage 1
Skin intact, nonblanchable redness
36
Stage 2
Pink, painful, partial. Through to dermis with no slough
37
Stage 3
Through to subcutaneous, crater with or without undermining/tunneling, slough
38
Stage 4
Through to bone, muscle, tendons. Includes slough or eschar
39
Deep tissue
Discolored intact skin, mushy or boggy feel
40
Unstageable
Full thickness loss covered by slough or eschar, tan green black brown
41
Symptoms of arterial insufficiency
Ur or of dependency, elevations of pallor, weak or absent pulse, cool, hairless, shiny, intermittent claudication
42
Tests for arterial insufficiency
Elevation- between 25- 60 sec. No pallor is is normal Rubor- in 15-30 turns bright red Pulses- 0-4. 0= absent, 2= normal Cap refill- takes longer than 3 sec Claudication- scale 0-4. Exercise should cease at 2
43
Venous insufficiency symptoms
Peripheral edema, hemosideran staining, venous stasis ulcers (moist and irregular)
44
Venous testing
Pitting edema- scale 0-4. 1 = 0-15 sec. 4 = >60 sec Calf girth measurement Venous fill time
45
DVT presentation
Swelling and pain Redness and warmth Low fever Dull ache
46
Wells CPR for DVT
Cancer Bedridden Paralysis Swelling of leg Localized tenderness Calf swelling Pitting edema
47
Hip precautions
No flexion past 90 No IR No adduction All for 3 months, but avoid combo for life Causes dislocation
48
Spine
No bending or twisting No lifting more than 10 lbs 2-6 weeks
49
Fractures
No precautions other than WB A lot of the time is WBAT for bone regrowth
50
Compartment syndrome
Swelling leads to occlusion of blood flow in compartment Can lead to necrosis within 4-12 hours
51
General anesthesia
Fully under and ventilated, complications are nausea and sore throat Requires more monitoring
52
Regional anesthesia
Spinal and epidural (stays in place) and nerve block Numbed from waist down typically
53
Abdominal surgery precautions
Log roll Avoid extension/flexion No lifting more than 10 lbs
54
Complications for cardio thoracic surgery
Pulmonary: atelectasis, lung collapse, pneumonia Bleeding, hemorrhaging, infection
55
Interventions after thoracic or abdominal surgery
Coughing, breathing, splinting, ROM, positioning, mobility
56
Sternal precautions
No pushing/pulling Lifting >10 lbs No full abduction arm No full extension arm No driving for 4 weeks 12 weeks for bony callus
57
Palliative care
Holistic and life sustaining See pt though to end of life or to transition to hospice
58
Hospice
Focused on comfort >6 months and signed into transition
59
Full code
All life saving/sustaining measures
60
DNI (limited code)
Do everything one can except for intubation
61
DNR (no code)
No life saving or sustaining measures
62
Advanced directive
Living will States what pt wants at end of life What kind of code? Etc
63
Health care proxy
Designated person that will make healthcare decisions for you once you are unable to If no one is designated then next of kin or court appointed guardian takes over

Acute (1 decks)

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