final

Question 1

what is the chemical messenger released from the neuron

Answer 1

neurotransmitter

Question 2

What part of the brain makes up the lower part of the brainstem and comprises of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Answer 2

Hindbrain

Question 3

What part of the brain is the topmost part of the brainstem, and is the connection central between the brain and spinal chord

Answer 3

Midbrain

Question 4

what part of the brain is anterior and includes the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalumus

Answer 4

Forebrain

Question 5

What part of the brain is primarily associated with emotional processes?

Answer 5

amygdala

Question 6

What part of the brain relays messages between midbrain and the cerebral cortex

Answer 6

Thalamus

Question 7

What are the largest lobes in the brain and important for voluntary movements, expressive language, and for managing higher level executive functions

Answer 7

Frontal Lobes

Question 8

What results from the fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm, and then splits in two?

Answer 8

Monzygotic twins

Question 9

What is the branch of psychology that studies the mental adaptations of humans of a changing environment; differences in behavior, cognition, and brain structure?

Answer 9

Evolutionary psychology

Question 10

What is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a stimulus to be detected?

Answer 10

Absolute Threshold

Question 11

What is the minimum amount of change it takes for a stimulus to be detected?

Answer 11

Difference Threshold
or
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

Question 12

photoreceptor cell in retina that is sensitive to light levels; also concentrated in the outer areas of the retina and give us peripheral vision

Answer 12

Cones

Question 13

photoreceptor cell in retina that gives us color vision and help us see in fine details; also concentrated in the center of our retina

Answer 13

Rods

Question 14

any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions

Answer 14

endorphins

Question 15

the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.

Answer 15

Zone of Proximal Development

Question 16

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Answer 16

classical conditioning

Question 17

the initial stage of learning or developing of a skill, habit, or quality.

Answer 17

acquisition

Question 18

recognition and understanding of the difference between one thing and another.

Answer 18

discrimination

Question 19

When the association goes away

Answer 19

extinction

Question 20

applying the association to more than just the conditioned stimulus

Answer 20

generalization

Question 21

refers to the process of rewarding or reinforcing desirable behavior in order to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future; adding something.

Answer 21

Positive reinforcement

Question 22

involves adding an aversive stimulus after an unwanted behavior to discourage a person from repeating the behavior

Answer 22

positive punishment

Question 23

occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior.

Answer 23

negative reinforcement

Question 24

removal of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior in order to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Answer 24

Negative reinforcement

Question 25

what term describes the gender that an individual feels that they are?

Answer 25

gender identity

Question 26

what is social learning theory?

Answer 26

we learn by observing and imitating others. we are taught what it means to be a boy or a girl sometimes using operant conditioning.

Question 27

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Answer 27

sex is assigned at birth and is determined by genetic code. Gender is a cultural social construct that an individual expresses.

Question 28

describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. were really good with short terms stress, but NOT with long-term stress

Answer 28

General Adaptation Syndrome

Question 29

overvaluing the dispositional attribution and undervaluing the situational attribution

Answer 29

fundamental attribution error

Question 30

a large part of our self-concept is based on our membership in certain social groups (and our perceptions of people who aren't in those groups).

Answer 30

Social Identity theory

Question 31

generalized beliefs about a group of people

Answer 31

stereotype

Question 32

refers to our belief that the world is fair, and consequently, that the moral standings of our actions will determine our outcomes

Answer 32

just world phemonenon

Question 33

social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in presence of other people

Answer 33

bystander effect

Question 34

beliefs that confirm themselves by influencing the other country to react in ways that seem to justify those beliefs

Answer 34

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 35

Haunting memories, nightmares, hyper vigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4+ weeks after traumatic event

Answer 35

post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 36

"split" "mind" delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression positive symptoms negative symptoms disturbance presists for atleast 6 months

Answer 36

schizophrenia

Question 37

disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others - limited capacity for empathy - disregard for what is considered "right" and "wrong" - disregard for/violation of the rights of others - childhood diagnosis of conduct disorder symptoms: -lower levels of emotional intelligence - impulsive behavior - low levels of fear - chronic deceitfulness - difficulty maintaining a job - low arousal in response to threats

Answer 37

antisocial personality disorder

Question 38

conditions with onset during developmental (usually early development) period intellectual disability communication disorders autism spectrum disorder attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder motor disorders specific learning disorder

Answer 38

neurodevelopmental disorder

Question 39

- social communication deficits - nonverbal communication deficits - deficits in social reciprocity - deficits in having/understanding relationships - restrictive/repetitive patterns - stereotypes motor movements, use of objects, or speech - insistence on sameness, difficulty changing from a routine -highly restricted fixated interests -hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory stimuli - present in early development

Answer 39

autism spectrum disorder

Question 40

inattention: 6+ symptom/s for younger than 16, 5+ for 17+ - often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or with other activities. - often has trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities - often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly - often does not fllow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (loses focus, side-tracked) -often has trouble organizing tasks and activities - often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to do tasks that require mental effort over a long period of time - often loses things necessary for tasks and activities (e.g. school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, mobile telephones) - is often easily distracted - is often forgetful in daily activities

Answer 40

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - primariy inattentive type

Question 41

hyperactivity or impulsivity - often fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat - often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected -often runs about or climbs in situations where it is not appropriate (adolescents or adults may be limited to feeling restless) - often unable to play or take part in leisure activities quietly - is often "on the go" acting as if "driven by a motor". - often talks excessively - often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed. - often has trouble waiting their turn - often interrupts or intrudes on others (butts into conversation or games)

Answer 41

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - primariy hyperactivity type

Question 42

Why are hormones slower than neurotransmitters?

Answer 42

because they are transmitted through the blood

Question 43

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 43

Frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

Question 44

Why are twin studies useful?

Answer 44

Foundational way of understanding genetics in terms of psychology. We can compare how genes and the environment impact someone’s behavior. Genes are not always active but can be influenced by environment as genes and experience can interact.

Question 45

the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult. frontal lobe maturation lags behind emotional limbic system.

Answer 45

Adolescence

Question 46

How did Pavlov's original experiment demonstrate classical conditioning?

Answer 46

Eventually the dogs associated the bell with the meat powder and salivated at the sound of the bell. Their body were conditioned to start salivating without meat stimulus.

Question 47

What is the source, receptor, and key brain areas associated with the touch sensory system.

Answer 47

Source: Pressure/temperature/harmful chemicals Receptor: receptors mostly in the skin which can detect pressure warmth cold and pain key brain: somatosensory cortex

Question 48

What is the source, receptor, and key brain areas associated with the taste sensory system

Answer 48

Source: chemical molecules in the mouth Receptor: basic taste receptors for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami key brain: frontal/temporal lobe border

Question 49

What is the source, receptor, and key brain areas associated with the smell sensory system

Answer 49

Source: chemical molecules breathed in through nose Receptor: millions of receptors at top of nasal cavities key brain: Olfactory bulb (bypasses thalamus)

Question 50

What do nonbinary cultural examples teach us?

Answer 50

there are many cultures that acknowledge more than two genders (ancient egypt, philippines, indigenous north america)

Question 51

How can we be gender-affirming?

Answer 51

Using Pronouns (asking, offering, apologizing, helping) Beware of Common micro-aggressions ("real" man/woman)("...for a trans person")("what's your 'real' name") mindful about outdated terminology ("transgendered", "transvestite", "transsexual")

Question 52

4 D's of psychopathology

Answer 52

Dysfunction Danger Distress Deviance

Question 53

participants was tasked with shocking another person for an incorrect answer with increased voltage until a "lethal" shock was initiated. An "authoritative figure" pushed the participants to continue despite inner conflict.

Answer 53

Milgram's obedience study

Question 54

one person was put with a group that consistently gave wrong answers to see if the participant would conform with the group or independently answer with the correct answer.

Answer 54

Asch's conformity Study

Question 55

defense mechanism that "ensures that what is unacceptable to the conscious mind, and would if recalled arouse anxiety, is prevented from entering it

Answer 55

repression

Question 56

what three factors compose prejudice?

Answer 56

negative emotions stereotypes discrimination

Question 57

How did Atkinson & Shiffrin's Model change our thinking about memory?

Answer 57

showed the process of sensory memory > short-term memory > long term memory

Question 58

What is the difference between stress and trauma?

Answer 58

Dysfunction Danger Distress Deviance

Question 59

What four things make us more likely to be attracted to someone?

Answer 59

Proximity Attractiveness similarity people who like us

Question 60

What things have been shown to be important to long lasting relationships

Answer 60

equity self-disclosure positive support (5/1 interaction) commitment

Question 61

our characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting

Answer 61

personality

Question 62

Utilizes the NEO-PI-3 Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Answer 62

big five

Question 63

Personality is largely determined by _______.

Answer 63

genetics

Question 64

the assumption that psychopathology is the result of one's biology

Answer 64

medical model

Question 65

Dissasociative disorders are almost always a result of

Answer 65

trauma

Question 66

What are eating dsorders really about?

Answer 66

control and controlling the environment

Question 67

all psychotherapeutic techniques are equally effective in the end. Everybody wins, essentially. A therapist with skill and a close rapport between therapist and patient are just two of the fundamental principles shared by different psychotherapeutic techniques.

Answer 67

Dodo-Bird Verdict

Question 68

the standards that direct the conduct of its professional members

Answer 68

Ethical Principles

Question 69

refers to the collaborative relationship between a healthcare professional and a client or patient

Answer 69

therapeutic alliance

Question 70

Pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors addressed through cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Answer 70

therapeutic orientation

Question 71

refer to characteristics that are shared across all psychotherapy approaches and are thought to contribute to the beneficial effects of all competently implemented psychotherapeutic interventions

Answer 71

common factors

Question 72

psychodynamic humanistic (person-centered therapy)

Answer 72

insight-based therapy

Question 73

therapy to change behaviors -develop new/better behaviors

Answer 73

behavioral therapy

Question 74

What are the APA ethical principles?

Answer 74

Beneficence & Nonmaleficence, Fidelity & Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, and Respect for People's Rights & Dignity.

Question 75

Is therapy effective?

Answer 75

yes

Question 76

What makes people change in therapy?

Answer 76

As the therapist listens, empathizes, and accepts the client's experience and internal feelings, clients also increasingly listen to and accept their own experiences, even ones that previously felt scary, overwhelming, or shameful.

Question 77

What is common to all psychotherapies?

Answer 77

client centered

Question 78

Why do people have a therapeutic orientation?

Answer 78

a certain framework works for them

Question 79

What training does a psychiatrist need?

Answer 79

Medical degree + 4 years of training + 2 board exams

Question 80

Is a life coach a state-regulated mental health professional?

Answer 80

no

Question 81

when a client bring a concern, you have to be nonjudgemental and assume positivity no matter the basis of the concern.

Answer 81

Unconditional positive regard

Question 82

What type of therapy is about changing thoughts and behaviors?

Answer 82

Cognitive behavioral therapy