Final

Question 1

Res publica

Answer 1

Signifies the Roman Republic as a ‘commonwealth’ or ‘public affair’
Government shared among the citizens
Highlights the collective nature of Roman governance
Citizens had a stake in political decisions

Question 2

Fasti

Answer 2

Official records and calendars
Recorded religious festivals, important events, and days for legal matters
Helped in organizing and scheduling religious ceremonies and political activities

Question 3

Gens

Answer 3

Refers to a clan or family group sharing a common name and ancestry
Significant for social, political, and religious reasons
Served as a unit for social identity and support

Question 4

Patria potestas (paterfamilias)

Answer 4

Authority held by the male head of a Roman family over his household
Includes children, grandchildren, and slaves
Power to make decisions, control property, and enforce discipline

Question 5

Fasces

Answer 5

Bundle of rods with an axe
Symbolized the power and authority of Roman magistrates
Carried by lictors as a symbol of their authority to punish and execute

Question 6

Pomerium

Answer 6

Sacred boundary around Rome
Delineated the city’s legal and religious limits
Significant religious and ceremonial importance
Expansion of the pomerium required a religious ritual

Question 7

Interrex

Answer 7

Appointed to hold temporary authority between consular elections
Ensured continuity in governance during the gap between consuls

Question 8

Pontifex Maximus

Answer 8

High priest of Roman state religion
Responsible for overseeing religious ceremonies and rituals
Held significant religious authority and political influence

Question 9

Imagines

Answer 9

Wax masks or busts of ancestors displayed in Roman households
Tribute to the family’s lineage and honoring the ancestors
The more masks you have the more important your family is

Question 10

Senatus Consultum

Answer 10

Decree issued by the Roman Senate
Carried legal weight
Crucial in shaping Roman law and policy
Example is the SCU giving a magistrate a lot of power in an emergency or crisis

Question 11

Imperium

Answer 11

Legal authority or command held by a magistrate in ancient Rome
Especially in military matters
Power to enforce orders and make decisions
One important power this authority gave to consuls was to be the supreme commander of the army

Question 12

Regnum

Answer 12

‘Kingship’ or ‘royal power’
Represented a form of authority the Romans sought to avoid
After Tarquinius and the founding of the republic they didn’t want a king or monarchy

Question 13

Evocation

Answer 13

Religious ritual used by Romans during war
Called or lured away the gods of an enemy state
Aimed to weaken the enemy’s religious support

Question 14

Publicani

Answer 14

Tax collectors in the Roman Republic
Responsible for collecting taxes and tolls
Involved in public contracts and sometimes accused of extortion
Publicani would bid for the privilege to collect taxes from a specific region

Question 15

Novus Homo

Answer 15

‘New man’ who was the first in their family to serve as a Roman consul
Symbolized social mobility and meritocracy in the Republic
One example of a Novus Homo is Gaius Marius who became the first in his family to become consul through his military success and demonstrated a change from a time when the consulship was dominated by the aristocratic class

Question 16

Assidui

Answer 16

Roman citizens who met certain property requirements
Eligible for military service
Formed the backbone of the Roman legions

Question 17

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

Answer 17

Decree also known as the ‘ultimate decree of the Senate’
Allowed extreme measures in times of crisis
Granted consuls exceptional powers to safeguard the state
An example of when this was used was during the Catilin conspiracy and was used to execute Catilin immediately without a trial.

Question 18

Maiestas

Answer 18

Concept encompassing ‘majesty’ or ‘dignity’
Maiestas can also mean treason, or damaging the “dignity” (maiestas) of the Roman people.

Question 19

Veni, Vedi, Vici

Answer 19

Famous phrase attributed to Julius Caesar
‘I came, I saw, I conquered’
Encapsulates Caesar’s swift and decisive victory over Pontus at the Battle of Zela

Question 20

Clementia Caesaris

Answer 20

Refers to ‘Caesar’s clemency’
Highlights the virtue of mercy or leniency exhibited by a ruler
Depicts a ruler’s forgiving nature
An example is after Ceasar’s defeat of Pompey and his allies he demonstrated Clementia Caesaris on his enemies by not executing them after his victory.

Question 21

Dignitas

Answer 21

Represents a person’s reputation, honor, or prestige
Particularly associated with one’s social standing
Reflects the esteem and influence an individual held in Roman society
The best example of dignitas would be Cicero who would use his position of authority and his rhetoric to condemn those who had done wrong like Gaius Verres a corrupt governor

Question 22

Consuls

Answer 22

Highest elected officials in the Roman Republic
Served as joint heads of state and military commanders
Held imperium
Decisions shaped the course of Roman politics and warfare

Question 23

Capitoline Hill

Answer 23

This hill was known for housing many temples and where the senate held meetings
This hill represents how intertwined politics and religion were

Question 24

Palatine Hill

Answer 24

It is considered to be the birthplace of Rome, where Romulus is said to have founded the city.
Location of the imperial palaces
Is a symbol of Rome’s power

Question 25

Roman Forum

Answer 25

Central hub of political, social, and economic activities in ancient Rome Served as a marketplace, meeting place, and site for public speeches and elections It was the focal point of Rome that embodied the politics, religion, and culture of Rome

Question 26

Senate

Answer 26

Advisory council of the Roman Republic Composed primarily of aristocrats Held significant influence in shaping policies and advising consuls Consuls would bring up the idea of war to the Senate, who would decide whether or not to declare war

Question 27

Patrician

Answer 27

Aristocratic Class It was mainly the patricians who held spots in the senate or as consul giving them most of the power in the government

Question 28

Plebeian

Answer 28

Commoner people Plebeians started the "Conflict of the Orders" in order to get more representation in the government

Question 29

Patron

Answer 29

Typically a Patrician Would act as the mentor to someone of lower class guiding the them in personal and professional growth

Question 30

Client

Answer 30

Typically someone of lower class standing Clients owed their loyalty to their patron Clients would show thanks by voting the way their patron wanted or providing support when needed

Question 31

Servian Reforms

Answer 31

Reforms that were attributed to King Servius These reforms are known for reorganizing the main political and military institutions like census, tribes, and centuries

Question 32

College

Answer 32

Various groups or associations in Roman society Religious colleges, priestly colleges, or guilds Played roles in religious ceremonies, education, and social cohesion An example is the College of Pontiffs which was one of the most important religious institutions in ancient Rome, responsible for overseeing religious matters, rituals, and the interpretation of religious laws.

Question 33

Lictor

Answer 33

Attendants accompanying Roman magistrates Carried fasces as symbols of their authority Number of lictors symbolized the magistrate's rank and authority Lictors were responsible for maintaining order, protecting their magistrate, and symbolizing the power of their magistrate

Question 34

Triumvirate

Answer 34

Political alliance of three individuals Formed for mutual benefit Most famous example is the First Triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus The most important aspect of a triumvirate was to consolidate power, achieve common goals and navigate political challenges

Question 35

Dictator

Answer 35

Temporary magistrate appointed during emergencies Held absolute authority to make decisions for the state Expected to resign once the crisis was resolved It was an emergency measure to resolve crisis quickly while maintaining the Republic's principles Went against the founding idea of the republic

Question 36

12 Tables

Answer 36

Earliest Roman law code Publicly displayed to ensure legal transparency and fair treatment of citizens

Question 37

Triumph

Answer 37

Grand military procession granted to victorious Roman generals Highly prestigious event celebrating military success Included a parade through Rome Became a way for commanders to become well known by the people, gaining them support if they chose to run for office

Question 38

Etruria

Question 39

Latium

Question 40

Campania

Question 41

Magna Graecia

Question 42

Carthage

Question 43

Capua

Question 44

Tyrrhenian Sea

Question 45

Adriatic Sea

Question 46

Brundisium

Question 47

Tarentum

Question 48

Syracuse

Question 49

Sicily

Question 50

Corsica

Question 51

Sardinia

Question 52

Egypt

Question 53

Pergamum

Question 54

Rhodes

Question 55

Syria

Question 56

Macedonia

Question 57

Corinth

Question 58

Cisalpine Gual

Question 59

Transalpine Gual

Question 60

Massilia

Question 61

Saguntum

Question 62

Illyria

Question 63

Numidia

Question 64

Numantia

Question 65

Black Sea

Question 66

Cilicia

Question 67

Asia

Question 68

Partha

Question 69

Bithynia

Question 70

Tiber River

Question 71

Po River

Question 72

Apennines Mountains

Question 73

Alps Mountains

Question 74

Ebro River

Question 75

Rubicon River

Question 76

Nile River

Question 77

Alexandria