Final

Question 1

two categories of cells

Answer 1

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Question 2

prokaryotic cell example

Answer 2

bacteria

Question 3

eukaryotic cell example

Answer 3

humans and plants

Question 4

four structures both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have

Answer 4

plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA

Question 5

plasma membrane function

Answer 5

separates cells from surroundings, other structures can be embedded, controls what enters and leaves cell

Question 6

ribosome function

Answer 6

produces proteins from instructions in DNA

Question 7

DNA function

Answer 7

has instructions to make everything cell produces

Question 8

3 differences that separate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

no membrane bound organelles, nucleoid, smaller than eukaryotes

Question 9

evolutionary origin of mitochondria

Answer 9

aerobic bacteria

Question 10

evolutionary origin of chloroplasts

Answer 10

photosynthetic bacteria

Question 11

name of hypothesis describing the evolutionary origin

Answer 11

endosymbiont hypothesis

Question 12

villi in small intestine function

Answer 12

finger-like structure gives large surface area to absorb nutrients

Question 13

joints with synovial fluid function

Answer 13

fluid-filled space between the bones lubricates the joint allowing it to move

Question 14

actin function

Answer 14

when muscles are relaxed, bundles of actin filaments are separated from one another

Question 15

myosin function

Answer 15

when muscles contract, myosin proteins ‘walk’ along actin filaments, pulling the actin bundles together and shortening the muscle

Question 16

capillaries function

Answer 16

allow exchange with tissues as they are tiny and allow RBCs to pass once at a time which brings everything close together for easy exchange

Question 17

skin function

Answer 17

stops pathogens from entering body

Question 18

how does skin prevent pathogens from entering body

Answer 18

dryness, acidity, tightly packed cells, shedding of outer layer

Question 19

frontal lobe function

Answer 19

processes smell, sends motor commands to muscles, helps determine personality, decision making and risk assessment

Question 20

corpus callosum function

Answer 20

connects the right and left hemispheres

Question 21

what cellular structure is abundant in cells who produce a lot of proteins

Answer 21

ribosomes

Question 22

what cellular structure is abundant in cells who produce a lot of ATP

Answer 22

mitochondria

Question 23

what about mitochondria and chloroplasts’ structure helps them maintain the hydrogen ion gradient needed for cellular respiration/photosynthesis

Answer 23

they have a double membrane to maintain their hydrogen ion gradient and it separates it from the rest of the cell

Question 24

what feature of a mitochondria’s inner membrane increases its surface area for ATP synthesis

Answer 24

the folds of the inner membrane give a greater surface area for ions to pass through

Question 25

are lipids polar or nonpolar

Answer 25

nonpolar

Question 26

how does polarity influence molecules' interaction with water

Answer 26

water is polar so its attracted to other polar molecules and ions/hydrophilics

Question 27

phospholipid structure

Answer 27

heads are hydrophilic and are outside tails are hydrophobic and are inside

Question 28

how to determine if a molecule will pass through the membrane or blood

Answer 28

nonpolar molecules will pass through the plasma membrane without a transport/channel but will need a carrier to pass through blood

Question 29

how to recognize a hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecule

Answer 29

nonpolar molecules tend to be hydrophobic polar or charged molecules tend to be hydrophilic

Question 30

what is important about protein structure that determines function

Answer 30

Polypeptides (amino acid chains) fold into a 3d shape and the shape they fold into is determined by the chemical properties of the amino acids that make them up and the shape proteins fold into determines their function

Question 31

type of biomolecule that stores genetic info

Answer 31

DNA

Question 32

monomer of DNA

Answer 32

nucleotide

Question 33

four bases in DNA

Answer 33

A,C,T,G

Question 34

four bases in RNA

Answer 34

A,C,U,G

Question 35

complimentary pairs of DNA bases

Answer 35

A pairs with T, G pairs with C

Question 36

complimentary pairs of RNA bases

Answer 36

A pairs with U, G pairs with C

Question 37

two steps in gene expression

Answer 37

transcription and translation

Question 38

four steps in transcription

Answer 38

RNA polymerase binds to promoter, separate the two DNA strands, pair up complimentary nucleotides, find the end of the gene in the DNA the terminator

Question 39

molecule produced after transcription

Answer 39

mRNA

Question 40

how are tRNAs involved in elongation

Answer 40

carry amino acids and enter the A site

Question 41

how are ribosomes involved in elongation

Answer 41

ribosome connects amino acids from the p-site to the tRNA to the a-site tRNA; the ribosome moves over one codon on the mRNA, leaving the empty site

Question 42

what makes you look different from classmates

Answer 42

slightly different DNA sequences

Question 43

what makes your cells look different

Answer 43

our cells express different genes

Question 44

where do the molecules that make up our cells come from

Answer 44

food

Question 45

in what form does food enter the body

Answer 45

polymers and broken down into monomers

Question 46

how is food transformed into something to be used by cells

Answer 46

enzymes

Question 47

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 47

energy cannot be created or destroyed only transformed

Question 48

law of conservation of matter

Answer 48

matter cannot be created or destroyed only transformed

Question 49

where do heterotrophs obtain matter

Answer 49

digestion breaks polymers into monomers to provide matter

Question 50

where do heterotrophs obtain energy

Answer 50

sunlight which makes sugars that are broken down by cellular respiration

Question 51

what molecules are present at the start and end of each step and how many carbons do they have

Answer 51

glycolysis - glucose (6); 2 pyruvates (3) pyruvate oxidation - pyruvate (3); acetyl-CoA (2) and CO2 (1)

Question 52

how is light energy captured

Answer 52

by pigments in photosystem

Question 53

how is light energy converted into chemical energy in ATP

Answer 53

when light is absorbed it excites electrons which are passed down an electron transport chain to make a reduced electron carrier and pump protons across a membrane the protein gradient powers ATP synthase

Question 54

digestive system function

Answer 54

breaks down adn absorbs food and removes waste

Question 55

endocrine system function

Answer 55

controls body through chemical messages

Question 56

excretory system

Answer 56

water and solute balance

Question 57

immune system

Answer 57

defends against pathogens

Question 58

musculoskeletal system

Answer 58

supports the body and allows movement

Question 59

nervous system

Answer 59

processes info and controls the body

Question 60

reproductive system

Answer 60

reproduces

Question 61

respiratory system

Answer 61

gas exchange

Question 62

sensory system

Answer 62

detects info

Question 63

what does the cell membrane do in a neuron

Answer 63

houses ion channels/pumps and blocks ions from going through

Question 64

sodium/potassium pump function

Answer 64

uses energy generated by ATP to move Na+ outside the cell and K+ in (both against their concentration gradient) to maintain the resting membrane potential

Question 65

voltage gated sodium channel function

Answer 65

when the neuron is excited these channels open and Na+ ions move in depolarizing the membrane

Question 66

voltage gated calcium channel function

Answer 66

allow Ca2+ into cell when membrane depolarizes

Question 67

vesicle function

Answer 67

hold neurotransmitters in synapses can combine with cell membrane to dump stuff outside cell

Question 68

neurotransmitter function

Answer 68

chemical message sent from one neuron to the next

Question 69

ligand gated ion channel

Answer 69

open when a neurotransmitter binds and allows ions to flow through

Question 70

two systems that specialize in signaling

Answer 70

nervous and endocrine system