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AP WORLD HISTORY > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Incentives in the spread of religious and cultural traditions

A

-A political reason is unification of diverse peoples and territories

-An example of economic would be Kievan Rus adopting Christianity for connections with the Byzantine Empire and to be entered into global trade

-A social reason could be conquered peoples under Islamic rulers due to social convenience

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2
Q

Caravanserai (rise and fall)

A

-A caravanserai was a large house were merchants could rest and leave there caravans

-During the Silk Road exchange, they were extremely prevalent

-Languages and religions were often spread here

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3
Q

Colombian Exchange (effect of the crops)

A

-Crops that came to the Americas included wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, and garden vegetables and fruit

-Crops that came from the Americas included corn, potatoes, and cassava

-American crops caused a population growth in the Eastern Hemisphere

-Irish Potato Famine

-Corn, peanuts, and sweet potatoes caused a population growth in China

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4
Q

Silk Roads

A

land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named after the most famous product traded along these routes.

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5
Q

Silk in China

A

China had a monopoly on the production of silk, causing China to become the primary site of textile production. Silk was a symbol of wealth and power, making China highly influential on neighboring state’s economies.

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6
Q

Sogdians

A

a Central Asian people whose merchants established a network of exchange with China. Sogdians dominated Silk Road trade and spread Buddhism to China.

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7
Q

Buddhism’s Changing Doctrines

A

as Buddhism spread, it adopted customs from other cultures, changing some core values including once shunning the material world and now embracing it.

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7
Q

Black Death

A

a massive pandemic that swept through Euraisa in the early fourteenth century, spreading along the trade routes within and beyond the Mongol Empire and reaching the Middle East and Western Europe by 1347. Associated with a massive loss of life.

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8
Q

Sea Roads

A

the world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 A.D. Centered in India, it stretched from southern China to eastern Africa.

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9
Q

Srivijaya

A

a Malay kingdom that dominated the critical choke point in Indian Ocean trade at the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 A.D. Like other places in Southeast Asia, Srivijaya absorbed various cultural influences from India.

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10
Q

Angkor Wat

A

the largest religious structure in the premodern world, this temple was built by the powerful Angkor kingdom in the twelfth century A.D. to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos centered on a mythical Mount Meru, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition. It was later used by Buddhists as well.

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11
Q

Swahili Civilization

A

an East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century A.D. as a set of commercial city-states linked into the Indian Ocean trading network. Combining African Bantu and Islamic cultural patterns, these competing city-states accumulated goods from the interior and exchanged them for the products of distant civilizations.

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12
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

a powerful state in the southern African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 A.D.

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13
Q

Sand Roads

A

a term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade, which linked interior West Africa to the Mediterranean and North African world.

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14
Q

Arabian Camel

A

introduced to North Africa and the Sahara in the early centuries of the Common Era, this animal made trans-Saharan commerce possible by 300 to 400 A.D.

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15
Q

West African Civilization

A

a series of important states that developed in the region stretching from the Atlantic coast to Lake Chad in the period 500 to 1600 A.D. Developed in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (especially control of gold production), it included the states of Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and and Kanem, as well as numerous towns and cities.

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16
Q

Ghana

A

an early and prominent state within West African civilizations. With a reputation for great riches, Ghana flourished between 75- and 1076 and was later absorbed in to the larger Kingdom of Mali.

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17
Q

Mali

A

a prominent state within West Africa civilization; it was established in 1235 A.D.; it was the springboard for the spread of synthetic form of Islam throughout the region.

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18
Q

American Web

A

a term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less densely woven than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas.

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19
Q

Pochteca

A

professional merchants among the Aztecs who undertook large-scale trading expeditions in the fifteenth century A.D.

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20
Q

Sui Dynasty

A

Ruling dynasty of China that effectively reunited the country after several centuries of political fragmentation

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21
Q

Tang Dynasty

A

Ruling dynasty of China from 618 to 907; noted for its openness to foreign cultural influences

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22
Q

Song Dynasty

A

Chinese dynasty (960-1279) that rose to power after the Tang; new scholarship led to Neo-Confucianism and a revolution in agricultural and industrial production making China the richest nation in the world at that time

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23
Q

Silla Dynasty

A

First ruling dynasty to bring a measure of political unity to the Korean peninsula (688-900)

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24
Q

Hangzhou

A

China’s capital during the Song dynasty; population of more than 1 million people

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25
Q

Gunpowder

A

invented in China in the 900s and allowed military advancements as it diffused

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26
Q

Footbinding

A

Practice initiated due to an emphasis on small size and delicacy which was central to views on female beauty

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27
Q

Tribute System

A

Method of dealing with foreign lands and peoples that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities

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28
Q

Xiongnu Empire

A

Nomadic confederacy that eventually reached from Manchuria to Central Asia

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29
Q

Hangnul

A

Phonetic alphabet developed in Korea in the fifteenth century

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30
Q

Chu Nom

A

Variant of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature

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31
Q

Bushido

A

“way of the warrior;” military virtues of the Japanese samurai

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32
Q

Chinese Papermaking and Printing

A

helped literacy rates to grow and ideas to spread. Allowed paper money to become a currency

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33
Q

Quonzhou

A

an important port in southern China for the Sea Roads

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34
Q

Canton Massacre of 870s

A

Chinese rebels led by Huang Chao slaughtered foreigners in the city of Canton. This was due to a build up of cultural and religious tension in the larger Chinese cities

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35
Q

Chinese Buddhism

A

China’s only large-scale borrowing before the 20th century; initially supported by the state but later faced persecution

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36
Q

Shotoku Taishi

A

Japanese statesman who launched the drive to make Japan into a centralized bureaucratic state modeled on China

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37
Q

Abbasid Caliphate

A

Dynasty of caliphs who ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic state from 750 to 1258

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38
Q

Al-Andalus

A

Arabic name for Spain (literally “land of the Vandals”), most of which was conquered by Arabs and Berbers

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39
Q

Al-Ghazalis

A

Muslim theologian, legal scholar, and Sufi mystic who was credited with incorporating Sufism into mainstream Islamic thought

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40
Q

Hijra

A

The “flight” of Muhammad and his original seventy followers from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina)

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41
Q

House of Wisdom

A

An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad

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42
Q

Jizya

A

Special tax paid by dhimmis in Muslim-ruled territory in return for freedom to practice their own religion

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43
Q

Madrassas

A

Formal colleges for higher instruction in the teachings of Islam as well as in secular subjects

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44
Q

Muhammad

A

Prophet and founder of Islam

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45
Q

Mullah Nasruddin

A

imaginary folk character in the world of Islam; tales of him are a combination of humorous tales and moral teachings about individual behavior

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46
Q

Pillars of Islam

A

five core practices required of Muslims: profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca

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47
Q

Quran

A

the holy text of Islam

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48
Q

Sharia

A

Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life

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49
Q

Sikhism

A

A significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism

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50
Q

Sufism

A

Branch of Islam that pursued an interior life, seeking to tame the ego and achieve spiritual union with Allah

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51
Q

Timbuktu

A

Great city of West Africa, noted as a center of Islamic scholarship in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries

52
Q

Ulama

A

Islamic religious scholars

53
Q

Umayyad Caliphate

A

Family of caliphs who ruled the Islamic world from 661 to 750 C.E.

54
Q

Umma

A

The community of all believers in Islam

55
Q

Aristotle

A

thinker whose writings formed the basis of university education and largely dominated Western European thinking from 1200 to 1750

56
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

the surviving eastern Roman Empire

57
Q

Caesaropapism

A

political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also the head of the religious establishment

58
Q

Cecilia Penifader

A
  • illiterate English peasant woman who accumulated wealth and property despite the social norms of her day
59
Q

Charlemagne

A
  • ruler of the Carolingian Empire who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe
60
Q

Constantinople

A
  • New capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire; highly defensible and economically important location helped assure the city’s cultural and strategic importance for centuries
61
Q

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

A
  • division of Christianity; allowed for married clergy; rejected the pope
62
Q

Ethiopian Christianity

A
  • Emerged in the fourth century with the conversion of the leaders of Axum; developed distinctive traditions due to geographic isolation
63
Q

European universities

A
  • “zones of intellectual freedom” without religious or political authorities interfering in studies
64
Q

Feudalism

A
  • highly fragmented and decentralized society that emerged in Europe; thousands of independent, self-sufficient, and largely isolated landed estates or manors with power exercised by a warrior elite of landowning lords
65
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A
  • Term invented in the twelfth century to describe the Germany-based empire founded by Otto I in 962 C.E.
66
Q

Jesus Sutras

A
  • product of Nestorian Christians in China; articulated the Christian gospel using Buddhist and Daoist concepts
67
Q

Kievan Rus

A
  • culturally diverse civilization from modern Ukraine; linked to Russian state; adopted Christianity in 10th century
68
Q

Nubian Christianity

A
  • emerged in the 5th and 6th century in regions south of Egypt; largely replaced by Islam by 1500
69
Q

Parliament

A

relative weakness of European kings lead to representative institutions

70
Q

Prince Vladimir

A

Grand prince of Kiev whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy

71
Q

Roman Catholic Church

A

Western European branch of Christianity; the Pope was the ultimate authority on all matters of doctrine

72
Q

Technological borrowing

A

Chinese gunpowder allowed Europe to create armed ships; Arab lateen sails allowed better navigation at sea

73
Q

Western Christendom

A

division of Christianity known for its independence from state control

74
Q

Pastoral Societies

A
  • based on an alternative kind of food-producing economy focused on the raising of livestock, pastoral societies emerged in the Afro-Eurasian world where settles agriculture was difficult or impossible. Pastoral people often led their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location
75
Q

Modun

A
  • founder of the Xiongu Empire
76
Q

Xiongu Empire

A

and imperial creation of nomadic steppe peoples who inhabited lands north of China. In the third and second centuries B.C., this empire stretched from Manchuria to Central Asia, establishing a model for later Turkic and Mongol empires.

77
Q

Turkic Peoples

A
  • Turkic speakers from Central Asia, originally nomads, who spread westward, creating a series of nomadic empires between 552 and 965 A.D. Having converted to Islam between the tenth and fourteenth centuries, Turkic peoples carried that faith into new lands, most notably the Christian Byzantine Empire, and became a politically powerful presence in the Islamic world.
78
Q

Seljuk Turkic Empire

A
  • an empire of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, centered in Persia and present-day Iraq. Seljuk rulers adopted the Muslim title of sultan as part of their conversion to Islam.
79
Q

Almorarid Empire

A

emerging out of an Islamic reform movement among the Sanhaja Berber pastoralists in the eleventh century, the Almoravid Empire incorporated a large part of northwestern Africa and southern Spain. The empire collapsed by the mid-twelfth century.

80
Q

Black Death

A

Name later given to the massive plague pandemic that swept through Eurasia beginning in 1331

81
Q

Chinggis Khan

A

Title meaning “universal ruler” that was given to the Mongol leader after he united his people

82
Q

Hulegu

A

Grandson of Chinggis Khan who became the first il-khan of Persia

83
Q

Khanate of the Golden Horde

A

Russian name for the incorporation of Russia into the Mongol Empire; known to the Mongols as the Kipchak

84
Q

Khubilai Khan

A
  • Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China from 1271 to 1294
85
Q

Modun

A

Great ruler of the Xiongnu Empire who created a centralized and hierarchical political system

86
Q

Mongol world war

A

Term used to describe military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building of Chinggis Khan

87
Q

Seljuk Turkic Empire

A

centered in Persia and present-day Iraq; rulers adopted the Muslim title of sultan as a part of their conversion to Islam

88
Q

Temujin

A

Birth name of the Mongol leader most known by his title, meaning “universal ruler”

89
Q

Yuan dynasty

A

Mongol rulers of China; the name means “great beginnings”

90
Q

Aztec Empire

A

Major state that developed in what is now Mexico; dominated by the seminomadic Mexica

91
Q

Constantinople (1453)

A

fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II; marked the end of Christian Byzantium

92
Q

European Renaissance

A

“Rebirth” of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy

93
Q

Fulbe

A

West Africa’s largest pastoral society; members gradually adopted Islam; helped create a number of new states

94
Q

Gender parallelism

A

characteristic of both the Aztec and Inca peoples; women and men operate in two separate by equivalent spheres, each enjoying autonomy in their own sphere

95
Q

Igbo

A

Igbo- People whose lands were east of the Niger River; complex society that rejected kingship and centralized state

96
Q

Inca Empire

A

Western hemisphere’s largest imperial state in the 15th and early 16th centuries; stretched approximately 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains

97
Q

Iroquois

A

Confederation of five tribes in what is now New York State; loose alliance based on Great Laws of Peace

98
Q

Malacca

A

Muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya; springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of Islam

99
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways

100
Q

Mita

A

Inca demands on conquered people; labor service required periodically of every household

101
Q

Mughal Empire

A

One of the most successful empires of India, a state formed by Islamized Turks
`

102
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa

103
Q

Paleolithic persistence

A

The continuance of gathering and hunting societies in substantial areas of the world despite agricultural advance

104
Q

Pochteca

A

professional merchants in the Aztec Empire whose wealth often elevated them to elite status

105
Q

Safavid Empire

A

Major Turkic empire of Persia; noted for its efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam

106
Q

Songhay Empire

A

major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century

107
Q

Timbuktu

A

Timbuktu- Great city of West Africa, noted in the 14th-16th centuries as a center of Islamic scholarship

108
Q

Timur

A

Turkic warrior whose efforts to restore the Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India

109
Q

Zheng He

A

Chinese admiral who commanded a fleet of more than 300 ships in a series of voyages

110
Q

Hernán Cortés

A

a Spanish conquistador who was joined by select Aztec peoples in the Spanish attack on Mexica.

111
Q

The Great Dying

A

term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died.

112
Q

Little Ice Age

A

a period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere.

113
Q

General Crisis

A

the near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars.

114
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

the enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

115
Q

Devshirme

A

Ottoman practice of taking boys from Christian homes to train for service in the government or Janissary corps

116
Q

Mercantilism

A

economic theory that a countries’ best interests are met by encouraging exports & accumulating precious metals

117
Q

Mestizo

A

literally, “mixed”; a term to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas

118
Q

Mughal Empire

A

state founded by Muslim Turkic-speaking peoples in India; created a partnership between Muslims and Hindus

119
Q

Mulattoes

A

term commonly used during the colonial era for people of mixed African and European ancestry

120
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that was founded by Turkic warriors; its sultan combined the roles of warrior prince, Muslim caliph, and conquering emperor, bearing the “strong sword of Islam”

121
Q

Qing Dynasty

A

became a central Asian empire; added territory and essentially created the modern borders of the Chinese state

122
Q

Russian Empire

A

Christian state centered on Moscow that emerged from centuries of Mongol rule in 1480; by 1800 it had expanded into northern Asia and westward into the Baltics and Eastern Europe

123
Q

Settler Colonies

A

territories where Europeans moved permanently in large numbers; esp. the British colonies of North America

124
Q

Sugar-Producing Colonies

A

large-scale agriculture was the focus of these colonies; heavy use of forced labor and plantation economies

125
Q

African diaspora

A

Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade

126
Q

Benin

A

West African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings for a time sharply limited engagement with the slave trade

127
Q
A

AP WORLD HISTORY (2 decks)

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