Final Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Statutory Law
A
an act that requires a vote in congress, can create institutions, and follows the process of how a bill becomes a law
2
Q
regulatory policy
A
agency led, process intensive, public comment, goes under scientific review, subject to the Administrative Procedures Act
3
Q
Types of policy
A
Administrative and Budgetary, Governance and Civil Society, Private Sector
4
Q
Governance
A
How everyone influences change
5
Q
Spatial mismatch
A
environment has different spatial boundaries than the governments
6
Q
Temporal mismatch
A
timescale mismatch with ecological and geological time
7
Q
Tragedy of the Commons
A
tragedy because there was no greed involved, it was all rational human behavior. shared resources where individual self-interest undermines collective good.
8
Q
Private goods
A
Excludable, rivalrous: food, car, house
9
Q
Club goods
A
Excludable, non-rivalrous: cable tv, some social services
10
Q
Common Pool Resources
A
Non-excludable, rivalrous: forests, fisheries, wildlife
11
Q
Public goods
A
Non-excludable, non-rivalrous: air, national defense, law enforcement, public radio, streetlights
12
Q
Collective action
A
discussion led to find a solution
13
Q
Anthropocentric
A
human-centered, humans are the only species with reason, moral standing, and environmental assets matter when they affect humans
14
Q
Biocentric/Ecocentric
A
Life and ecosystem-centered, all living creatures have moral standing, and humans have a moral obligation to protect living things
15
Q
Utilitarian (Instrumental) Values
A
human beings derive utility from ecosystem services either directly or indirectly. Direct use (construction), Indirect, Option, Relational?
16
Q
Non-Use Values
A
Existence/Bequest, Aesthetic, Intrinsic, Relational?
17
Q
Stakeholders
A
Anyone with an interest in a policy or management decision. Can be an individual or a group.
18
Q
Hetch Hetchy: 1990
A
Proposal to build a dam in the Hetch Hetchy valley to deliver water to the San Francisco Metro Area
19
Q
Preservation of Hetch Hetchy
A
John Miur: ‘Dam Hetch Hetchy! As well dam for water tanks the people’s cathedral and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.’
20
Q
Transcendentalism
A
belief that spirituality cannot be achieved through reason and rationalism, but instead through self-reflection and intuition.
21
Q
Conservation of Hetch Hetchy
A
Gifford Pinchett: ‘The fundamental principle of the whole conservation policy is that of use, to take every part of the land and its resources and put it to that use in which it will serve the most people.’ The greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time.
22
Q
Preservation
A
seeking protection of nature from use
23
Q
Free rider problem
A
people reaping the benefits of something without paying the costs
24
Q
Conservation
A
seeking the proper use of nature
25
Legislative Branch
Makes laws
26
Executive Branch
carries out laws
27
Judicial Branch
Evaluates laws
28
Executive Orders
orders produced by POTUS that have the full force of law, are statements of principle, and are subject to judicial review.
29
House of Representatives
435 members, number per state determined by population (census), 'Lower chamber', 2-year terms, local representation
30
Senate
100 members, each state has two, 'Upper chamber'. 6-year terms, state representation, advise and consent + treaty ratification
31
Federalism
sharing power among layers of government (state and local)
32
Dual federalism
Layer cake, when all is clearly defined and separated amongst the national, state and local governments
33
Cooperative federalism
(marble cake) governmental programs are mixed. this is where the state, national, and local governments can work together
34
Compensatory federalism
when national government is failing to take action and therefore the states step in to create new targets for action in policy
35
Disposal hierarchy
Source reduction, Recycling and composting, energy recovery, disposal in landfill
36
Issues in the Municipal Solid Waste
over-reliance on landfills, amount of waste produced, toxicity of waste, GHG emissions
37
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
applies to all federal agencies, before implementing a project, agencies must prepare alternatives for action and analyze the impacts for each one through this process
38
Categorical exclusions
during the NEPA process, when there is not enough evidence for environmental harm or damage, a project can surpass the difficult and strenuous NEPA process
39
Public comment
how the public responds to a presented policy and their influence on the decision-making process.
40
Non-State actors
individuals and organized groups
41
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The executive branch, independent/scientific agency, promulgates regulations, scientific research, and technical support
42
The Clean Air Act: 1970
Human health and ecosystem protection. Stationary and mobile sources of air pollution. States create state implementation plane (SIPS) to achieve standards
43
Stationary Sources
Factories, refineries, power plants. EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
44
Mobile Sources
EPA regulates the composition of fuels and emissions. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards for vehicle manufacturers.
45
New Source Review
Ammendement to the Clean Air Act: changed to technology-based standards from risk-based. Established market-based cap and trade for SO2 and NOX.
46
Clean Water Act (1972)
1. Eliminate pollution being discharged into water. 2. Regulate surface water to ensure safety for swimmers. 3. Build new municipal wastewater.
47
Non-point source pollution
when the location or source of a pollution cannot be identified
48
Waters of the U.S (WOTUS)
Navigable waters=scope of agency's jurisdiction. What counts as navigable waters?
49
Sackett vs. The EPA (2023)
Adjacent wetlands are not a part of WOTUS. The EPA lost.
50
West Virginia vs. The EPA
statued the Clean Energy Act. the EPA sees limitations on greenhouse emission regulations but it doesn't stop it from seeking regulations somewhere else
51
Massachusets vs. The EPA
Massachusets sea level rise due to the EPA not regulating CO2. mass was able to prove standing through injury in fact because there would be significant harm to human health if there weren't any national regulations on carbon emissions
52
how to get standing as a stakeholder
you need to demonstrate all three: casual connection, injury in fact and that the decision has the capability to redress harm
53
chevron doctrine
government must defer back to agency expertise for issues
54
regulatory takings
someone saying 'my value has been taken from the government'
55
Judicial Ripeness
the timing must be right
56
Juliana vs. The US
young plaintiffs believed their life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness was put into jeopardy due to the government's actions that caused climate change.
57
Superfund (CERCLA): 1980
Abandoned mines and toxic dumps. Polluter pays principle=liability. EPA pays for clean-up when liability impossible
58
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Protects species, not individual animals. Fish and Wildlife services are responsible for listing and delisting species. Listing decisions: Endangered, threatened, warranted bu precluded, not warranted.
59
Critical Habitat
Area of land or water with physical and biotic characteristics deemed essential for recovery of the species. Locations subject to use restrictions with consultations required.
60
Public Lands
owned by all Americans, managed by the federal government for the public good
61
U.S Forest Service
Agency within the department of agriculture. multiple resource use: recreation, range, timber, watershed, fish. lead authority for wildfire management.
62
Bureau of Land Management
Agency in the department of the interior. Largest land owner in the country. federally managed land. decides what is done with the land in regards to recreational divisions and land used for oil and development
63
National Parks Service
Agency in the department of the interior. Recreational purposes. preserves parks, monuments, historical sites, and other designations.
64
Checks and Balances
Each of the three branches of government can 'check' each other so that one does not become 'king'
65
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended 30-year war. New Idea: territory of the state has primacy, not leader.
66
State sovereignty
When a state has this it means it has its own highest legal authority within that territory.
67
The United Nations
Foster communication among sovereign states. Specialized agencies: U.N Environmental program (UNEP), U.N Development Program (UNDP). NO WORL GOVERNMENT, states mandate sovereignty
68
Global Inequality
Defining feature of the Modern State System? Inequities between and within countries. Capacity differences.
69
Sustainable Development
seeks social equity, balanced with environmental protection and economic growth.
70
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
Convening power, administrative and technical support, data. Foster the development of Multilateral Environmental Agreements
71
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA's) Process
1. Drafting: states negotiate content of agreement
2. Adoption: UN accepts text of treaty. States decide whether to participate.
3. Ratification: Signature by head of state. Some states require a vote of parliament. For parties.
4. Implementation: Parties develop, adopt, and enforce domestic law.
72
Compliance
(What's the status of the law?) Did the state do what it said it would do?
73
Effectiveness
Did implementation succeed in its goals? Was the environmental problem solved/improved?
74
Sustainable Development Goals
Voluntary targets for global governance. Indicators and progress tracking. Set of shared global principles. Analytical framework. States, civil society, and the private sector contribute.
75
Mitigation
Actions taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow or reverse the pace of climate change
76
Adaptation
Actions taken too build resilience and respond/plan for current and projected impacts from climate change
77
Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Objective: provide policymakers with regular updates of the scientific basis for climate change. Scientific information from hundreds of contributors. rigorous peer review.
78
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Objective: to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Annual Conference of the Parties (COP)
79
Common but differentiated responsibility
all states are responsible for addressing global environmental destruction yet not equally responsible
80
The Kyoto Protocol (1997)
an international treaty that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Operationalizes common but differentiated responsibility. Annex 1: mitigation targets (mandatory and binding). Non-Annex 1: adaptation. Clean development mechanism.
81
Clean Development Mechanism
Annex 1 countries: implement projects in non-annex 1 countries, certified emission reduction (CER) credit. Flexibility for annex 1: market-based tool. Revenue source for non-annex 1.
82
The Paris Agreement (2015)
Substantially reduce global greenhouse gas emissions to hold global temperature increase to well below 2°C. 'Needs to be approved by the US'. (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions. Stock-take every 5 years.
83
NIMBYism
'Not in my backyard'
84
Energy Insecurity
inability to meet basic household needs. Estimated 1/3 US households
85
Energy Efficiency
Use less energy for the same services. Improved technology and less waste.
86
Energy Conservation
Behavior that results in lower demand for energy, Social change and less waste.
87
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA)
Massive funding for energy: resilient power grid, clean energy technology development, low carbon, and zero-emission school buses. Extends permitting provisions on Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act.
88
Inflation Reduction Act (2022)
Clean energy tax credits: can lower costs of production and stabilize markets long-term.
89
Environmental Justice: Representation
Impacted communities are represented in decision making
90
Environmental Justice: Process
Planning processes are fair, transparent, and accessible
91
Environmental Justice: Distribution
Environmental benefits and impacts are distributive equitably
92
Carbon Tax
No limits on pollution, tax applies per ton. Internalize negative externalities
93
Cap and Trade
Pollution capped. Allowances/permits distributed. Market to buy and sell credits, prices fluctuate.
94
Social Cost of Carbon (SCC)
An estimate of the economic damages associated with emitting one more ton of GHG
95
Loss and Damage
Low-income countries facing losses attributed to wealthy countries' GHG emissions. Legal and financial claim
96
Climate reparations
Moral claim
97
Blue Zone
In the COP. Open to ACCREDITED parties and observers. Hosts the formal negotiations, panel discussions, and cultural events.
98
Green Zone
In the COP. Managed by the COP presidency. Platform for NON-ACCREDITED delegates, youth groups, civil society, NGOs, the private sector, and indigenous groups.
99
Private Sector
Planetary boundaries, sustainable development. Role for non-state actors
100
Corporate Sustainability
Carroll's Pyramid responsibilities: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic.
101
Triple Bottom Line
Socially responsible, environmentally friendly, create wealth for shareholders
102
Fossil Fuel Divestment
eliminate financial holdings and investments in fossil fuels. Focus on endowment investments.
103
The Food System
Production, Processing, Distribution, and Consumption.
104
Food Waste drivers
Inefficient food systems, urbanization, cultural factors, and globalization
105
Food Security
Reliable access to healthy food. consumption + (some) waste management = demand side.
106
Food Sovereignty
Right to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through own agricultural systems.
107
Environmental Ethics
Relationship between humans and the (non-humans) natural world
108
Distributive Justice
allocation of costs and benefits across time and space
109
Procedural Justice
access to power, decision-making
110
Recognitional Justice
Human rights, cultural autonomy
111
Environmental Justice
Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
112
Love Canal (1970s)
Waste disposal site in upstate NY. Hooker chemical company buried toxic waste. Elementary schools and sub-divisions were built on these waste sites. Samples were taken and found increased rates of reproductive problems, and birth defects. Evacuation, clean-up, and some demolition.
113
Green Environmentalism
Ecosystem health, long time horizons, large spatial scales, inter-generational equity, educate people. Ex: wilderness protection
114
Brown Environmentalism
Human health, Immediate, mostly local state, equity across race and class now, work with people. Ex: clean air, clean water
115
Disaster Risk Reduction
Preparation is cheaper than recovery
116
Co-Benefits
policies that have both mitigation and adaptation benefits
117
Hazard
a potentially damaging physical event; an external event that we have little or no control over in the moment
118
Exposure
People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses
119
Vulnerability
pre-existing socioeconomic conditions that increase someone's susceptibility to the impacts of hazards
120
Risk
Probability of harmful consequences or expected losses resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions
