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PSY 101 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of mind and behavior

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2
Q

gestalt

A

uses series of principles to describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes; the whole is different from the sum of its parts; Ebbinghaus

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3
Q

behavioral

A

how the brain and nervous system determine behavior; the effects of heredity on behavior

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4
Q

psychodynamic

A

behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control; Sigmund Freud; ex. dreams and slips of the tongue

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5
Q

humanistic

A

individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, control their lives and behavior; Carl Rogers and Maslow; emphasis on free will; seek fulfillment

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6
Q

cognitive

A

focuses on higher mental processes such as thinking, memory, reasoning

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7
Q

evolutionary

A

seeks to identify behavior patterns that resulted from genetic inheritance from our ancestors

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8
Q

scientific method

A

the way we systematically study and understand knowledge; independent and dependent variables; confound: anything that affects dependent v that is not independent v

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9
Q

experimental research

A

needed to find cause; correlation does not equal causation

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10
Q

parts of a neuron

A

dendrites, soma (cell body), nucleus, myelin sheath, axon, terminal buttons

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11
Q

sympathetic PNS

A

put systems on alert; fight or flight; ex. increase heart rate

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12
Q

parasympathetic PNS

A

relax; ex. slow heart rate

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13
Q

autonomic PNS

A

involuntary movement; has 2 divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal chord

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15
Q

somatic PNS

A

voluntary movement

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16
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

made up of neurons with long axons and dendrites

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17
Q

dendrites

A

branch out from spinal chord and brain and reach the extremities of the body

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18
Q

heritability

A

traits passed down from parent to offspring

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19
Q

twin studies

A

Bouchard and Tellegen: discovered genetics have large influence on behavior through twins separated at birth

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20
Q

sensation

A

activation on sense organs by physical energy (stimulus)

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21
Q

perception

A

sorting out, analysis, how stimuli are interpreted

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22
Q

absolute thresholds

A

smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected; ex. candle in dark 20 mi away

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23
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense a change; the just noticeable difference; ex. takes a certain level of strength to notice grip on arm has gotten stronger

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24
Q

Weber’s law

A

just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus; 50:1 ratio

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25
rods
colorblind (do not process color); process motion, night vision, shadows
26
cones
color reception; do not work in the dark
27
Gestalt laws of organization
1. similarity 2. continuation 3. closure 4. proximity 5. figure/ ground 6. symmetry/ order
28
Gestalt laws: similarity
elements that are similar in appearance are perceived as grouped together
29
Gestalt laws: continuation
on a line or curve
30
Gestalt laws: proximity
we perceive elements that are closer together as grouped together
31
Gestalt laws: closure
we group elements to form enclosed or complete figures rather than open ones
32
learning
relatively permanent change in behavior brought by experience
33
habituation
a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
34
classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus leads to unconditioned response (naturally occurring); ex. balloon popping and guy flinching; neutral stimulus becomes conditioned: learned/ trained
35
Pavlov's dogs
present dog with food and it drools, ring a bell when giving food, ring the bell without food and the dog drools
36
extinction
disappearance of conditioned response
37
generalization
response to similar stimuli
38
discrimination
between conditioned stimulus and others
39
operant conditioning
change in behavior using reward and punishment
40
Skinner
operant conditioning in rats in a box, rewarding them if they pressed lever
41
punishment
pros: appropriate for dangerous behavior cons: ineffective, physical is harmful mentally, does not give alternative
42
insight
sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another; lightbulb idea; Wolfgang Kohler and the chimps stacking boxes
43
observational learning
learning through imitation; mirror
44
Bandura
social cognitive approach; learning through observing model behavior and its consequences in social interactions
45
memory
process by which we encode , store, retrieve info
46
chunks
grouping of info that can be stored in short term memory; ex. phone numbers
47
primacy vs recency effect
tendency to remember the first and last thing we encounter
48
mnemonic devices
organize info to make it more likely to be remembered
49
short term memory
memory store in which info first has meaning; magic number 7 +/- 2; working memory: visual store, verbal store, episodic buffer
50
visual store
visual and spatial
51
verbal store
speech, word, numbers
52
episodic buffer
episodes, occurences
53
flashbulb
extremely vivid memory, traumatic experience you remember specific details
54
sensory memory
sight: iconic, sound: echoic; forget within 1 second
55
capacity
digit span: how many digits a person can remember, 5-8
56
heuristics
thinking strategy that may lead to solution but may sometimes lead to error; ex. dots game
57
intelligence
knowing the context of where you are and what it would take to thrive/ solve and being able to do it
58
WAIS
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV: Stanford-Binet intelligence scale; vary to the age of the person being tested
59
reliability
tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure
60
validity
tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure
61
G factor
general intelligence
62
emotional intelligence
set of skills underlie assessment, evaluation, expression of emotions
63
most preventable metal retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
64
emotion
prepares us for action, shapes our future behavior, helps us interact more effectively with others; what drives you to action
65
Maslow's Hierarchy
ordering motivational needs; certain primary needs must be satisfied before moving onto higher order; basic needs: biological needs and survival; psychological needs: connection and self-esteem; self-actualization: state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential
66
learned helplessness
one concludes that unpleasant stimuli cannot be controlled; mimics depression: nothing I do will change it and its not going to change; ex. dogs on shock floor
67
sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau: maximum level of arousal, orgasm: peak, resolution stage: interval after orgasm in which body returns to unaroused state, refractory period: temporary period in which male cannot develop an erection again
68
androgens
main sex hormone in men
69
estrogens
main sex hormone in women
70
Freud and psychological determinism
unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
71
structure of personality
id: raw, reduce tension created by primitive drives (rage), pleasure principle ego: buffer between id and outside world, executive of personality, reality principle superego: represents rights and wrongs of society, conscience, perfection principle
72
defense mechanisms
unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing source of anxiety; ex. repression: unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into unconscious
73
big five OCEAN
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion vs introversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
74
MMPI-2
Minnesota multiphase personality inventory-2: self report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties
75
Rorscharch test
projective method: person is shown ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it; ink blot tests
76
TAT
Thematic Apperception Test: shown pictures where you can see multiple images
77
Eysenck
3 dimensions of traits: 1. extraversion: degree of sociability 2. neuroticism: emotional stability 3. psychoticism: degree that reality is distorted
78
teratogens
environmental agents such as drug, chemical, virus to produce a birth defect
79
Piaget
80
temperament
81
attachment
securely attached: mother as home base, explore independently, exhibit stress when she leaves avoidant: does not cry when mother leaves ambivalent: wary of strangers, stressed when separated from parent but not excited when they return disorganized: lack of clear attachment style, confused
82
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
Level 1: Pre-Conventional Morality - Stage 1: obedience and punishment - Stage 2: individualism and exchange Level 2: Conventional Morality - Stage 3: developing good interpersonal relationships - Stage 4: maintaining social order Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality - Stage 5: social contract and individual rights - Stage 6: universal principles
83
Erikson's stages
Stage 1: trust vs mistrust Stage 2: autonomy vs shame/ doubt Stage 5: identity vs confusion

PSY 101 (1 decks)

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