Final

Question 1

The hypothesis of Miller et al.’s first experiment, which attempted to modify children’s littering behavior, was that:

Answer 1

c. both attribution and persuasion manipulations would lead to initial behavioral change, but only attribution
would have a more long-lasting effect on behavior modification.

Question 2

Miller et al. gave subjects a pretest before conducting Study 1 in their research on the relative effects of attribution
versus persuasion in producing behavioral change. The importance of conducting this pretest was:

Answer 2

c. to discover existing differences among the classrooms in how much they littered

Question 3

Miller et al. used a chi-square test in Study 1 to compare frequency of littering in Attribution, Persuasion and Control
Groups over time. The results showed that

Answer 3

d. All three groups performed the same on the Pretest indicating no pre-existing differences between groups on non
littering behavior, however the Attribution Group was superior to both Control and Persuasion Groups on
measures of non littering behavior on both the Immediate and Delayed Posttests

Question 4

The dependent variable in Miller et al.’s second study concerning math testing was:

Answer 4

a. the change in self-esteem scores from pretest to posttest

Question 5

In discussing their results on the relative effectiveness of persuasion and attribution techniques in producing behavioral
change, Miller et al. advance which of the following explanations for their findings?

Answer 5

d. Attribution techniques are relatively more successful because they suggest something positive about the
subjects and bolster their self-concepts.

Question 6

Miller et al. warn against seeing their findings either as the basis for specific educational reforms or as an effective step
toward ending social inequalities. They cite several reasons why they hold this less-than-optimistic view. Which of the
following is not one of those reasons?

Answer 6

d. All children should be given a chance to succeed, but designing programs to aid a particular group gives them
an unfair competitive advantage

Question 7

Unlike previous experiments investigating how subtle differences in language can shape people’s perceptions of
themselves, Bryan changed his approach from using nouns to describe what a person already is to using nouns to refer
to _____, or things people are considering doing in the future

Answer 7

c. prospective

Question 8

in the first experiment investigating whether framing voting as relevant to the self-concept would motivate people to
vote on Election Day, Bryan hypothesized that

Answer 8

b. Questions that referred to voting using a predicate noun (e.g., “How important is it to you to be voter in
tomorrow’s election?” would produce the highest voter turnout on Election Day.

Question 9

in Bryan’s experiment investigating the desire to claim the identity “helper” and motivation in preschool aged children,
the main dependent variable was

Answer 9

a. # of chores

Question 10

The overall results of the coin toss study by Bryan showed that:

Answer 10

a. Individuals in the “Don’t be a Cheater” Group reported significantly fewer number of heads compared to
the “Don’t Cheat” and “No Appeal” groups.

Question 11

Bryan discusses a recent anti-sexual-assault campaign in Canada aimed at men depicting situations in which sexual
assault typically occurs. Which of the following tag lines in the ads did Bryan believe would have the greatest impact on
behavior?

Answer 11

c. Don’t be THAT guy.

Question 12

The main prediction in Freedman and Fraser’s first field experiment on compliance, in which they were ostensibly
concerned with the inventory of household products in subjects’ homes, was that the subjects

Answer 12

d. in the Performance condition would be more likely to agree to the larger request than subjects in any other
experimental condition.

Question 13

In Freedman and Fraser’s first experiment, the independent (or manipulated) variable was:

Answer 13

a. size of request

Question 14

The results of Freedman and Fraser’s first experiment showed that in the ______ group, more than 50% of the subjects
agreed to the larger request.

Answer 14

d. performance

Question 15

The major reason why Freedman and Fraser found it necessary to conduct a second experimental test of their
compliance hypothesis was

Answer 15

a. the first experiment didn’t adequately answer the questions of why and how agreeing to an initial request
increases compliance with a second request.

Question 16

In Freedman and Fraser’s second experiment, the experimenters divided individuals into 4 groups based on which two
dimensions?

Answer 16

b. issue (similar/different) and task (similar/different)

Question 17

In their second experiment, where subjects were asked to install a large sign on their front lawns, Freedman and Fraser
found all of the following results except:

Answer 17

b. in the conditions where the first and second requests were similar in nature, there was significantly
more compliance than in the conditions where the first and second requests were different in nature

Question 18

Bushman and colleagues reference Abraham Lincoln in their experiment on aggression in married couples where he
noted that aggressive behavior and damage caused by intimate partners primarily result from a lack of ____.

Answer 18

c. self-control

Question 19

Bushman and colleagues claim in their research to have performed the first systemic investigation that tested which of
the following hypotheses?

Answer 19

a. Low glucose levels predict greater tendency toward intimate partner violence and aggressive behavior in married
couples, regardless of whether the partner was male or female.

Question 20

in Bushman and colleagues’ study on aggression in married couples, the main dependent variable was:

Answer 20

c. number of pins stuck into a voodoo doll that represented how angry they were with their spouse

Question 21

Bushman found that husbands were more likely blast their spouses with awful noises after playing a computer game
because they

Answer 21

a. were angry and hungry

Question 22

Bushman et al. concluded from their study on aggression in married couples that relationships could be improved by:

Answer 22

d. interventions designed to provide individuals with metabolic energy through increased brain glycogen that can be
used for self- controlled restraint

Question 23

According to Bushman, the Greek root of catharsis means ________ in English.

Answer 23

b. cleansing

Question 24

The catharsis theory of aggression holds that:

Answer 24

b. one act of aggression usually leads to further aggression

Question 25

Bushman’s experiment involved asking clients to think about either (1) a person with whom they are angry, or (2)
getting physically fit. Subjects were instructed to think these thoughts while they were:

Answer 25

d. punching a punching bag.

Question 26

In his investigation into the validity of catharsis theory, what did Bushman find about the effect on a person of venting
his or her anger?

Answer 26

a. Venting anger actually increases aggressive behaviors

Question 27

Rather than supporting the catharsis theory, Bushman’s results that indicated that anger increases when preceded by
physical activity suggests support for which of the following theories?

Answer 27

c. excitation transfer

Question 28

In his test of catharsis theory, Bushman found that men wanted to hit the punching bag more than women and enjoyed
hitting the bag more than women. Bushman suggests that this was because:

Answer 28

b. Aggressive activities are more socially acceptable among men than among women

Question 29

Paluck’s study of prejudice and conflict in the Central African country of Rwanda tests three questions/hypotheses
regarding the effects of mass media; which of the following was NOT hypothesized as a potential outcome?

Answer 29

c. change in behavior in terms of political affiliation and voter activity

Question 30

in Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media: A Field Experiment in Rwanda, Paluck notes
McGuire’s critique (1986) of the use of the field study approach for measuring the effects of media influence on behavior.
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a limitation of the field study designs?

Answer 30

d. all of these are limitations of field study designs

Question 31

Which of the following methods was used by Paluck to test hypotheses about the effects of mass media on behavior?

Answer 31

a. radio soap opera program

Question 32

In Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media: A Field Experiment in Rwanda, some of the
participants received educational information that aimed to change beliefs, norms and behaviors about reproductive health
and AIDS. This group was identified as the _______ in the experiment.

Answer 32

a. experimental group

Question 33

in Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media: A Field Experiment in Rwanda, the author concluded
that:

Answer 33

a. The reconciliation program did not change listeners’ personal beliefs but did substantially influence listeners’
perceptions of social norms.

Question 34

Aronson and Bridgeman review studies that demonstrate the disappointing results of desegregation in improving group
relations, self-esteem and academic performance. They argue that these negative results are mainly due to:

Answer 34

c. the interaction of lack of “equal status contact” with the competitive structure of the classroom.

Question 35

Aronson and his colleagues developed the technique known as the “jigsaw” classroom primarily to:

Answer 35

d. develop a cooperative structure for integrated classrooms that could be readily implemented and evaluated—
that is, to develop an “action research” program.

Question 36

Aronson and his colleagues developed the technique known as the “jigsaw” classroom using which key characteristic of
Sherif’s famous Robber’s Cave?

Answer 36

c. having students work cooperatively to solve a common problem

Question 37

Aronson and Bridgeman discuss research on the effect of jigsaw techniques on academic performance. This research,
conducted by Lucker et al. (1977), found that

Answer 37

b. minority students performed significantly better in jigsaw classes than in traditional classes

Question 38

n comparing the jigsaw technique to other techniques designed to develop interdependent classroom learning, Aronson
and Bridgeman note that the major difference between the jigsaw technique and other approaches such as “TGT” and
“STAD” is:

Answer 38

a. jigsaw attempts to minimize competition; TGT and STAD promote and use competition across groups, while
encouraging within-group cooperation.

Question 39

n reviewing the studies on interdependent learning techniques such as the Jigsaw Technique, research suggests that
there is a two-way causal connection between which of the following dependent variables?

Answer 39

b. academic performance and self-esteem

Question 40

The many examples of recent incidents of prejudice by Thorson and West at the beginning of Implicit Bias in Social
Interactions illustrate that:

Answer 40

a. prejudice is fundamental to the human condition

Question 41

In Implicit Bias in Social Interactions, Thorson and West interview social psychologist Brian Nosek, who cofounded
______, a website that has served as a bridge between scientists and the mainstream public by making measures of
implicit bias readily available; noting that anyone can take tests measuring unconscious associations based on race,
gender, sexual identity and other types of social identity.

Answer 41

d. “Project Implicit”

Question 42

Which of the following behaviors would be included as expressions of implicit bias?

Answer 42

b. making less eye contact and crossing arms while in conversation with an interaction partner

Question 43

Which of the following have researchers identified as significant factors in the development of implicit bias?

Answer 43

d. all of these are noted factors contributing to the development of implicit bias

Question 44

Van Bavel and Cunningham (2009) demonstrated in a study of implicit bias that although implicit bias may be natural,
it is also malleable. Their results showed that being in a minimal group with someone from another racial group can
override the kind of early-learned implicit biases that are often thought to be entrenched by early learning. In this study,
what was the independent variable?

Answer 44

a. group assignment

Question 45

In the first study cited in the article, which hypothesis about reducing a person’s need to use stereotypes and prejudice
did Fein and Spencer investigate?

Answer 45

a. People will use stereotypes and prejudice less often when their self-image has been bolstered because
increased self-esteem reduces the need to derogate others.

Question 46

Which group did Fein and Spencer exclude from their first study?

Answer 46

d. Jewish students were excluded.

Question 47

In their third study, Fein and Spencer were not interested in whether individuals would increase their stereotyping
behaviors as a result of self-image threat. Which of the following questions was the focus of their research?

Answer 47

c. Does stereotyping another person enhance the self-esteem of someone whose self-image has been threatened?

Question 48

Social identity theory suggests that people make comparisons between others like themselves (ingroup) and others who
are dissimilar to themselves (out-group). What did Fein and Spencer determine about these sorts of comparisons in their
studies?

Answer 48

b. No in-group versus out-group comparisons or evaluations were seen.

Question 49

Fein and Spencer suggested that the reason stereotypes are usually negative in nature and resistant to change is because:

Answer 49

a. the negative nature allows for immediate (and later) bolstering a person’s self-image through comparison.

Question 50

In Fein and Spencer’s second study, participants showed more stereotyping in their evaluations of the target if they had
previously received negative feedback about their own performance on an intelligence test. Which of the following
served as the target group in this study?

Answer 50

c. sexual orientation