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PSY 246 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

attention is the state of focused awareness on a ____ of available perceptual info

A

subset

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2
Q

three stages of attention

A

disengage - take attention away from current focus

shift - move attention from one item to another

engage - lock attentional focus onto a new item

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3
Q

voluntary selective attention

A

attention shifted between inputs intentionally

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4
Q

reflexive selective attention

A

shifts in attention occurring in response to an external event

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5
Q

overt attention

A

what you are DIRECTLY looking at (involves your eye movements)

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6
Q

covert attention

A

attention something that you are not directly looking at (not associated with eye movements)

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7
Q

is the cocktail party effect limited to auditory stimuli

A

no, works with visual stimuli too

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8
Q

endogenous control of attention

A

deliberately paying attention to something

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9
Q

exogenous control of attention

A

attention directed to something reflexively

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10
Q

what is emotion

A

an internal state and involuntary physiological response to an object or situation

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11
Q

two components of emotion

A

the physical sensation and the cognitive experience

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12
Q

what is affect

A

the conscious, subjective mental feeling about a stimulus coming from the self-monitoring of physiological changes and subjective cognitive states

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13
Q

posterior attentional system

A

the part of the frontoparietal attentional network concerned with orienting attention in space (where do we want to focus?)

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14
Q

anterior attentional system

A

the part of the frontoparietal attentional network concerned with the conscious control of attention to decide what stimuli you need to focus on?

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15
Q

vigilance system

A

the part of the frontoparietal attentional network concerned with the preparation and sustainment of alertness towards signals that demand high priority

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16
Q

parietal lobe is involved in this part of attention

A

the shifts of attention in space (where we are paying attention)

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17
Q

damage to this brain area in combination with deficits of this neurotransmitter may cause inability to maintain alert states/maintain vigilance

A

damage to the right frontal area and deficits in NE (depletion of NE in right hemisphere causes deficits in arousal and alertness)

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18
Q

inattentional blindness

A

a failure to notice or at least report a stimulus that would be easily reportable if you were paying attention

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19
Q

change blindness

A

a change in a visual stimulus that is introduced that the observer doesnt notice

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20
Q

difference between mood and emotion

A

emotion is more sudden and intense reactions whereas mood is more diffuse and tends to last longer

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21
Q

theory of constructed emotion

A

the brain anticipates what is upcoming to prepare accordingly to maintain allostasis (internal stability despite changing conditions)`

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22
Q

somatic marker hypothesis of emotion

A

emotion is the result of the change in the body following a stimulus, therefore reduced bodily response to a stimulus should result in reduced emotional intensity

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23
Q

neglect disorder (in attention)

A

the inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the visual field opposite (contralesional) to that which has a lesion. typically the neglect of the left visual field after damage to the right parietal lobe. Patients end up neglecting the left side of their own body and world.

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24
Q

right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion

A

the right hemisphere is dominant for ALL emotions

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25
Q

valence hypothesis of emotion

A

suggests that the left hemisphere is dominant for positive emotions and the right hemisphere is dominant for negative emotions

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26
Q

support from lesion studies for the valence hypothesis of emotion

A

right hemisphere damage associated with positive mood changes and pathological laughter, whereas left hemisphere damage is associated with negative mood changes, increased crying

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27
Q

support for the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion

A

studies of healthy control patients indicate that people are faster to identify emotion in the left visual field and there is no difference for positive or negative emotions

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28
Q

simultaneous extinction (attention disorder)

A

the subject is presented with two objects at the same time but notice and report only one of the objects - inability to perceive simultaneous stimuli and only report the one on the right - a milder form of neglect

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29
Q

chimeric face test

A

a face with two different people on either side - left half of face is different than the right - displaying two different emotions - used to test facial emotional processing - people tend to be more accurate at assessing the faces on the left visual field

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30
Q

people with ADHD have a deficit in

A

selective attention

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31
Q

three subtypes of ADHD

A

inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, combined

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32
Q

left ear advantage in emotional prosody

A

better at identifying emotional tones

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33
Q

right ear advantage

A

better at identifying specific words

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34
Q

consciousness

A

the level of responsiveness of the mind to impressions made by the senses - not dichotomous (it is not a case of conscious or not

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35
Q

three theoretical models of consciousness

A
  1. consciousness is the privileged role of particular neural structures - there is a single structure (or set of structures) responsible for consciousness (frontal lobe, pineal lobe, cingulate cortex)
  2. consciousness as a state of integration between otherwise distinct brain systems - lack of awareness results from disconnection of brain regions that make up the consciousness network
  3. consciousness as a graded property of neural information processing - consciousness is not all or none
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36
Q

REM sleep

A

low voltage fast changes in EEG - dreams - paralyzed - sleepwalking

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37
Q

REM behaviour disorder

A

act out dreams often violently

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38
Q

Comprehension of speech is the role of ___ area

A

Wernicke’s area

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39
Q

production of speech is the role of ____ area

A

Broca’s area

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40
Q

Dorsal stream for language

A

phonemes - phonological information for articulation - how to say something

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41
Q

Ventral stream for language

A

semantic information - understanding the meaning of words

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42
Q

most people have language-dominant ____ hemispheres

A

left hemisphere is language dominant

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43
Q

role of the left hemisphere in language

A

identifying written words, understanding syntax, produce speech

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44
Q

role of the right hemisphere in language

A

determine the theme of the conversation
responsible for humour
interpret body language and non-verbal sounds
sarcasm, emotional intention
rhythm and cadence

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45
Q

what is meant by the speech feedback loop

A

your brain constantly is monitoring your voice in real time to make your speech coherent - you use your brocas area to produce your speech while you use your Wernicke’s area to monitor it

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46
Q

Wada test for speech

A

Anesthetizing one hemisphere of the brain while leaving the other active, if the patient can speak while one side is asleep, the other side must contain the principal language area

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47
Q

agraphia

A

language disorder in writing

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48
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

inability to produce fluent speech despite relatively intact speech comprehension and voice

speech limited to verbs and nouns (telegraphic speech)

Left frontal lobe damage

not a problem with vocal muscles or general intelligence. they can carry out verbal commands indicating they understand speech

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49
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

damage to the left temporal or parietal lobe - produce fluent but nonsensical speech while the patient seems completely unaware that what they are saying is wrong

problem linking a sound to meaning

experiences comprehension deficits

50
Q

T/F wernicke’s area is always at the same location

A

false - the location of Wernicke’s area is much more variable than brocas area

51
Q

conduction aphasia

A

inability to shuttle information between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
- repetition is impaired cannot repeat back what was said to them - can comprehend and produce speech otherwise

52
Q

what are the arcuate fasciculus

A

the white matter tracts connecting Broca’s and wernicke’s areas

53
Q

transcortical motor aphasia

A

similar to broca’s aphasia - normal speech production is impaired but they can repeat words or phrases normally - may have Echolalia - the compulsion to repeat something they just heard

54
Q

pure word deafness

A

inability to comprehend speech but they can perceive and recognize other non-verbal sounds. All speech sounds like a foreign language. Their reading, writing, and speech production is wrong

55
Q

is visual language processing different from speech/auditory language processing

A

yes it develops later and requires considerable effort to learn

56
Q

describe the dual route model of reading

A

text is interpreted either via the Phonological route (sounding it out) or the whole word route (where you have a mental dictionary/lexicon where you just automatically know and recognize a word)

57
Q

alexia (inability to read) and agraphia (inability to write) may occur simultaneously after damage to this brain area

A

the angular gyrus

58
Q

phonological alexia

A

the inability to map phonemes onto graphemes - cannot sound out words to say them but will know how to say familiar words

damage to dorsal brain regions

59
Q

surface alexia

A

impaired reading of irregular words (ex - yacht) due to disruption of the whole word route - uses the phonological route to read regular words

damage to the ventral brain regions

60
Q

aprosodia

A

loss of ability to produce or comprehend prosody in speech (right hemisphere damage)

61
Q

cortical structures involved in emotion

A

limbic system - expression and perception of emotional states

insula (fold between the frontal and temporal lobes) - empathy, love, disgust, fear and phobias,

prefrontal cortex - regulation of emotional behaviour and anticipating the consequences of actions

cingulate cortex - thinking about how we are feeling - resolving conflict between physical and emotional states

hippocampus - personal or episodic memories with emotional content - creates an emotional replay of the past

62
Q

subcortical structures involved in emotion

A

amygdala - negative emotions but especially fear

hypothalamus - physiological response to the emotion

olfactory bulb - carries messages abt a smell directly to limbic areas

63
Q

brain activation of psychopaths

A

lower activation of brain regions associated with emotional processing

64
Q

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

A

a lack of affect and no response to previously threatening stimuli - reduced fear, heightened aggression

  • lesions of medial temporal lobe
65
Q

what was special about patient SM

A

woman w no fear - exclusive and complete bilateral amygdala destruction - no fear response

66
Q

capgras syndrome

A

where a person thinks a loved one has been replaced with an imposter
- abnormal emotional response to seeing a loved one

67
Q

depression is linked to decreases in

A

dopamine, NE, serotonin

68
Q
A
69
Q

luicid dreaming brain regions

A

prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe allows the dreamer to be concious

70
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemical that changes the states of consciousness - particularly perceptions and mood

  • influence how neurotransmitters work
71
Q

transcendental meditation

A

mind settles inward until you transcend to a state of pure consciousness

72
Q

trance state

A

altered state of consciousness that may be induced by hypnosis, drugs, or ritual

aka “slain in the spirit” - individual falls to the floor during religious ecstasy

73
Q

ideomotor effect

A

ones muscles move subconsciously when the movement is an expected one

ex - moving a ouija board pointer because you expect it to move but you swear you were not the one moving it

74
Q

claustrum

A

possible neural region for the coordination of conscious awareness - might be dysfunctional in people who are in a coma or vegetative state

75
Q

brain response of people in vegetative state when people talk to them

A
  • auditory cortex is activated by people speaking to them as well as non-sense sentences
  • frontal-temporal activation is consistent with regular language processing - so only active when normal sentences were being said
76
Q

classifications of TBI

A

severity
mechanism (closed or penetrating head injury)
location

77
Q

TBI most common in

A

younger males

78
Q

signs and symptoms of TBI

A

they are variable and depend on the severity of the injury but common impairments include interruptions in executive skill, short term memory, concentration, severe injury can lead to comas

79
Q

are closed or open head injuries better

A

open head injuries are typically better because damage is usually localized whereas closed head injuries can be much more diffuse

80
Q

coup injuries from TBI

A

damage sustained directly under the site of impact

81
Q

countrecoup injuries from TBI

A

damage sustained on the side opposite the impact

82
Q

how do we asses TBI

A

neuroimaging to some extent but behavioural assessments are more valuable

glasgow coma scale

83
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

a scale used to quantify consciousness - rates a patient on three aspects:
1 - eye opening
2 - motor response
3 - verbal response

a score less than 8 is a severe head injury

9-12 is moderate head injury

13+ mild head injury

84
Q

benign vs malignant tumour

A

benign - non-cancerous, slow growing, encapsulated, do not metastasize

malignant - cancerous, fast growing, non-encapsulated metastasize

85
Q

gliomas

A

brain tumour formed within the brain and spinal cord which have originated from the glial cells

most common type of brain tumour

86
Q

glioblastoma

A

fast growing and non-encapsulated tumour

87
Q

astrocytoma

A

benign - slow growing and encapsulated brain tumour

88
Q

medullablastoma

A

malignant fast growing brain tumour in the brain stem region - more common in children

89
Q

meningioma

A

tumour of the meninges - most often benign

90
Q

metastatic tumours

A

those that begin elsewhere in the body but spread to the brain via the blood stream

91
Q

most common term for cerebrovascular disorder

A

stroke

92
Q

ischemic stroke

A

blood is not going where it needs to

93
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

blood is going where it shouldnt - blood spilling out - ruptured aneurysm

94
Q

what is an infarct (stroke)

A

the area not receiving blood

95
Q

thrombotic stroke

A

a type of ischemic stroke caused by a build up of plaque on the artery walls

96
Q

embolic stroke

A

a clot that was carried throughout the blood stream gets stuck in an artery and disrupts blood flow

97
Q

intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke

A

blood leaking deep in the brain

98
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke

A

blood pooling on top of brain under the arachnid layer of the meninges putting pressure on the brain

99
Q

treatment for ischemic stroke

A

tissue plasminogen activator - tPA
- dissolves clot and improves blood flow to the part of the brain being deprived of blood

mechanical devices
- tool will trap the clot and breaks it or pulls it out of the brain

100
Q

treatment for hemorrhagic stroke

A

find cause of bleeding and control it using surgical clips or coils inserted into aneurysms or surgery to remove the bleeding vessel and the blood that has spilled into the brain

101
Q

arteriovenous malformations (AVM)

A

a tangle of blood vessels in the brain or abnormal connections between arteries and veins

102
Q

meningitis

A

infection of the meninges causing fever, headache, vomiting, muscle pain and fever - stiff neck - the feet and hands are often cold

103
Q

neurotoxins

A

substances that destroy nervous system tissue (ex - pesticides, fuel, have metals). might cause mood swings, muscle twitches, insomnia, etc - depends on the substance

104
Q

most common psychiatric illness

A

epilepsy

105
Q

epilepsy caused by

A

excessive excitatory neural activity

106
Q

epilepsy is confirmed by (which test)

A

EEG - electroencephalography

107
Q

T/F not all seizures involve convulsions

A

true

108
Q

aura in seizures

A

subjective (different for everyone) sensation, perception, or motor experience associated with seizure onset

109
Q

antiepileptoc drugs enhance….

A

GABAergic neurotransmission

110
Q

surgery for epilepsy may be used when

A

the focus is localized - often in the left temporal lobe

111
Q

EEG, EMG, and EOG are used to study what in sleep disorders

A

brain activity, muscle activity, and eye movements

112
Q

cataplexy

A

loss of muscle tone or sudden paralysis during which the patient is conscious - characteristic feature of narcolepsy

113
Q

narcolepsy can be treated by

A

stimulants and antidepressants

114
Q

insomnia EEG and EMG would show

A

less REM sleep, more muscle movement during sleep

115
Q

transient insomnia

A

less than a week

116
Q

acute insomnia

A

up to a month - often resolves when a stressor is removed

117
Q

chronic insomnia

A

at least 3 nights per week for 3 months or longer

118
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

hallucinations that occur while falling asleep or waking up

119
Q

four major symptoms of parkinsons

A

tremor at rest
rigidity
disturbance of posture
bradykinesia (slowed movement)

120
Q

neuropathology of parkinsons neuro

A

neurodegeneration of substantia nigra due to depletion of dopamine

121
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

shrinkage/deterioration of the basal ganglia leading to k=jerky, coordinated yet involuntary movements - speech and purposeful movements is hard. the movements here are larger and more complex than the tremors in parkinsons

122
Q

Huntington’s genetics

A

dominant gene on chromosome 4 responsible for the formation of the Huntington protein

PSY 246 (4 decks)

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