Final Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
Adolescence
A
11-21
irrational phase
2
Q
puberty
A
time frame during which the body matures from that of a child to an adult
3
Q
female puberty years
A
10.5-14
4
Q
male puberty years
A
12-16.5
5
Q
cognitive maturation years
A
12-16
6
Q
____ is used to assess nutritional needs
A
sexual maturation (biological age, not chronological age)
7
Q
SMR
A
sexual maturation rating
scale of secondary sexual characteristics used to asses degree of pubertal maturation
8
Q
SMR based on…
A
breast development and appearance of pubic hair in females
testicular/penile development and appearance of pubic hair in males
9
Q
SMR 1
A
prepubertal growth and development
10
Q
SMR 2-4
A
occurrences of puberty
11
Q
SMR 5
A
sexual maturation has concluded
12
Q
menarche
A
onset of first menstrual period
2-4 years after initial development of breast buds
13
Q
average age of menarche
A
12.4 (range 9-17) during SMR 4
14
Q
female peak linear growth
A
during SMR 2-3
~6-12 months prior to menarche
last ~24-26 month, ceasing by 16 yo
15
Q
females gain ___ in/year during peak of growth spurt
A
3.5
16
Q
females, as much as ___% of adult weight is gained during adolescence
A
50%
17
Q
during puberty females experience at ___% increase in lean body mass and ___% increase in body fat
A
44% LBM
120% body fat
18
Q
spermarche
A
14 yo average (range 9.5-17)
19
Q
male peak linear growth velocity…
A
occurs during SMR 4
14.4 yo
20
Q
males gain ___in during peak of growth spurt
A
2.8 to 4.8
21
Q
males, linear growth ceases at
A
21
22
Q
males, body fat decreases and stabilizes at
A
~12%
23
Q
3 periods of psychosocial development
A
early adolescence 11-14
middle 15-17
late 18-21
24
Q
snacks account for ___% of daily energy intake
A
40%
25
during last decade... snacks..
average size has remained stable but # of snacks has increased
26
most commonly skipped meal
breakfast
| only 21% of adolescent females tend to eat breakfast daily
27
about ___% of adolescents follow a vegetarian diet
4%
28
14-18 yo males linoleic and linolenic
16g/d linoleic
| 1.6 g/d linolenic
29
14-18 yo females linoleic and linolenic
11 g/d linoleic
| 1.1 g/d linolenic
30
males have higher calorie needs than females because ..
great increase in ht, wt, and LBR and higher BMR
31
protein requirements influenced by protein needed...
to maintain existing LBM
| for growth of new LBM
32
DRI protein 9-13 and 14-18
9-13: .95 g/kg
| 14-18: .85 g/kg
33
calcium absorption highest around ___ for females and ___ in males
around menarche in females
| during early adolescence in males
34
___ times more calcium absorbed during early adolescence than early adulthood
~4 times more
35
peak bone mass
early 20s in females and males
36
calcium DRI 9-18
1300 mg/d
37
average calcium intake for females and males
948 females
| 1260 males
38
iron for females
9-13: 8 mg/day
| 14-18: 15 mg/day
39
iron for males
greatest during growth spurt
9-13: 8 mg/d
14-18: 11 mg/d
40
iron deficiency
low iron stores, often undiagnosed
41
iron deficiency anemia
indicative of more advanced stage of iron deficiency
determined by hemoglobin or hematocrit levels
fatigue, reduced immunocompetence, etc.
42
female iron deficiency
9% 12-15
11% 15-19
2% iron deficiency anemia
43
iron deficiency males
5% 12-15
2% 15-19
<1% anemia
44
folate required for
DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
45
folate DRI
300 mcg/d 9-13
| 400 mcg/d 14-18
46
vitamin C
collagen synthesis
| deficiency rate in adolescents
47
vitamin D
intestinal absorption of Ca and normal bone formation
| insufficient in 39% of female and 29% of male adolescents
48
vitamin D DRI
600 IU/d (15 micrograms/d)
49
___% of adolescents meet activity guidelines
35%
50
about ___ US adolescents attend physical activity class at last once/week
1/2
51
competitive athletes may need ___ additional calories per day
500-1500
52
protein should supply no more than___% of calories in diet
30%
53
adulthood
21 to 64
54
divisions of adulthood (used in textbook)
early adulthood 21-39
midlife 40-64
later adulthood 65+
55
can survive without food for...
~2 months
56
nutrition and exercise are among the main lifestyle factors that reduce risk of the onset and severity of ____ leading causes of death
5 of the 10
| cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, liver disease
57
___% of adult cells are replaced daily
5%
58
males, gradual decline in testosterone begins at age ___
40 to 50
59
males underweight -->
low sperm
60
males malnutrition -->
low libido
61
male alcohol use -->
defective sperm
62
men, body weight rises beginning age
40
63
low of estrogen at menopause leads to...
increases abdominal fat
| increased risk of osteoporosis
64
with cessation of menstruation, iron needs...
decrease from 18 to 8 mg/day
65
primary nutrition concern during adulthood
weight management
66
weight gain in males and females...
between 40 and 60 years
males- .7 lb/yr
females- 1.2 lb/yr
67
males use ___% more calories than females because...
5-10% because greater lean mass
68
starvation slows energy expenditure by ___
20-30%
69
individuals vary by as much as ___% in caloric expenditure for same activity
20%
70
__% of females and ___% of males are dieting at any time
70% females
| 40% males
71
acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges
fat 20-35%
carbs 45-65%
protein 10-35%
72
adults consume ___ calories/d as beverages
400
73
fiber
38 mg/d for males
| 35 g/day for females
74
folate
400 mcg/d
75
sodium
1500 mg/d
76
calcium 1000
mg/d
77
physical activity recommendations for adults
at least 30 mins/day of moderate 5 or more days/week
moderate = burn 210-420 Kcal/hr
resistance training 2 or 3 times a week for 30 mins
78
changing nomenclature
1980s - ideal body weight
mid 1980s - desirable body weight
1995 - healthy body weight
79
overweight
weight level associated with higher risk of disease, disability, and death
degree of overweight
80
BMI
kg/m^2
overweight: 25-29.9
obese: >30
81
hormones involved in energy metabolism and appetite regulation
insulin
ghrelin
leptin
82
insulin
peripheral- increase synthesis and storage of fat
| CNS - decrease food intake
83
ghrelin
increase food intake and decrease metabolism and fat use
84
leptin
CNS - decrease in food intake and increase thermoregulation
produced by adipocytes (fat cells)
messenger in feedback loop between adipose tissue and hypothalamus
regulation of energy intake, expenditure, and adaptation to starvation
levels increase with obesity, proportional to fat mass
85
leptin-ghrelin-neuropeptide Y (NPY) axis for energy balance
interplay between appetite regulation and energy expenditure regulation networks in hypothalamus and peripheral afferent signaling
86
leptin therapy reduced energy intake up to...
84%
87
central leptin insufficiency can be corrected by...
administration of leptin directly to hypothalamus
| administration of viral vectors to introduce the leptin gene into the hypothalamus (central leptin gene therapy)
88
leptin gene therapy
recombinant adeno-associated virus leptin gene
long term expression
low immunogenicity
89
metabolic syndrome
spectrum of metabolic abnormalities that increase risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
90
risk factors for metabolic syndrome
waist circumference >40 men and >35 women
blood triglycerides >150mg/dL
HDL 130/85 mm Hg
fasting blood glucose >100 md/g
diagnosis if 3 or more
91
prevalence of metabolic syndrome
~20-30% of adults
92
prevalence of cardiovascular disease
over 82 million adults
men develop at younger age
women catch up after menopause
racial and ethnic differences
93
#1 cause of death is US
cardiovascular disease
94
atherosclerosis
hardening of arteries
due to plaque buildup
increase risk of myocardial infraction and stroke
95
LDL risk
optimal <100 mg/dL
96
HDL risk
<40 mg/dL
97
saturated fat
<7% of calories
98
trans fat
<1% of calories
99
dietary cholesterol
<200 mg/day
100
diabetes fasting blood glucose...
>126 mg/DL
101
type 1 diabetes
progressive autoimmune
B cells destroyed
daily insulin injections required
102
type 2
insulin resistance, most common
103
amount of people in US with diabetes
25.6 million
<1% of pop in 1960
~11.3 of pop in 2010
79 million have prediabetes
104
cost of diabetes
$174 billion
105
contributors to inulin resistance
abdominal obesity, decreased physical activity, genetic predisposition
106
short term effects of diabetes
blurred vision, increased urination, infections and hunger/thirst, decreased wound healing
107
long term effects of diabetes
heart disease, hypertension, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, poor circulation, loss of limbs
108
main risk factors of type 2 diabetes
genetics, history of gestational diabetes, obesity and central obesity, physical inactivity, low whole grain and fiber intake
109
metaformin
acts by increasing insulin sensitivity of liver, muscle and adipose tissue
110
statins
lower cholesterol
slow or block the HMG-CoA reductase - main enzyme in cholesterol synthesis by the liver
stabilize plaque
reduce arterial inflammation
111
connective tissue cancers
sarcomas
112
muscular cancers
myosarcomas
113
nervous cancers
gliomas
114
epithelial cancers
skin, GI, urogenital, secretory, respiratory
115
incidence of cancer in 2011
1.6 million will be diagnosed
| 600,000 die of cancer annually
116
most common cancers in adult
prostate, breast, colorectal, lung
117
ethnic group with highest rate of new cancers
white women, back men
118
lowest rate of new cancer
American Indians and Alaska
119
smoking linked to ___% cancers
30%
120
morbidity following BC metastasis includes...
hypercalcemia, chronic pain, fractures
121
HIV prevalence
40 million worldwide
| 1.1 million in US
122
latency stage of HIV
weeks to 20 years
123
eligibility for AARP
50
124
senior discounts
60
125
eligibility for full social security
65
126
DRI category age
70
127
"young old"
65-74
128
aged
75-84
129
oldest old
85 and older
130
~___% are >65 yrs
13% (37 million)
131
by 2030, ___% will be >65
19%
132
life span
max number of years someone might live
| 110-120
133
life expectancy
average # of years of life remaining. commonly reported from birth
US: 78 yrs
134
programmed aging
theory of limited cell replication
| modular lock theory, telomeres act as clocks
135
wear and tear theories of aging
oxidative stress theory
| rate of living theory
136
DETERMINE checklist
integrates a list of warning signs of poor nutritional health in older adults
137
pyramid adaptations for older adults
additional fluids/water at base
additional vitamin/mineral supplements at top
narrower to reflect fewer calories
138
___% lower caloric requirements for older adults
~20% lower calories
139
carbs for older adults
45-65% of calories
140
fiber for older adults
21g females
| 30g males
141
___% of older adults have sufficient protein intake
95%
142
protein needs for older adults are ____
1 to 1.3 g/kg body weight
| higher than younger...
143
nitrogen balance easier achieved when
protein quality high
adequate calories are consumed
elders participate in resistance training
144
older adults keep fat between ___% of calories
20-35%
145
% body water .....
decreases with age
| resulting in smaller margin of safety for staying hydrated
146
>= ___ cups of fluid/day will prevent dehydration in most older adults
6-8 cups
147
RDA vitamin A older adults
700 micrograms/d for females
| 900 micrograms/d for males
148
___% of older adults have decreases serum B12 levels
30%
149
decreased B12 linked with
decreased levels of HCL and pepsin
| inability to split B12 from protein carriers
150
RDA vitamin D 71+
800 IU/d (20 micrograms/d)
151
RDA iron
8 mg/kg
152
calcium RDA: adult and >51
adult: 1000 mg/d
| >51: 1200 mg/d
153
Ca in 1 cup milk
300 mg Ca
| absorption ~32%, absorbable Ca = 96 mg
154
Ca in spinach, I cup cooked
288 mg Ca
| absorption 5%, absorbable Ca= 6 mg
155
exercise guidelines for older adults
2-3 x/wk for strength training
30 min/day for general health
warm up and cool down stretches
156
alcohol is derived from...
CHO such as glucose
| pathway that oxidizes alcohol also oxidizes CHO
157
energy value of alcohol
7 Kcal/g
158
alcohol provides up to ___% of energy for moderate drinkers
10%
159
alcohol provides ___
a 2 carbon skeleton for energy or as a substrate for generating ore complex chemicals
160
alcohol influences...
nutrient absorption
satiety
physiological functions (bioactive)
161
ethanol is ...
a 2C structure with a single hydroxyl group which is found in beer, wine, and spirits
is a nutrient - you burn it for fuel
162
sources of alcohol
microbes in gut
disease (auto-brewery syndrome)
diet - partially fermented fruit, alcoholic beverages
endogenous production (acetaldehyde metabolism)
163
acetaldehyde can be metabolized to ...
ethanol or pyruvate
| fruits and vegetables contain small amounts
164
requirements for alcohol fermentation
yeast, anaerobic, CHO, pH ~3, temp >50
165
alcohol absorption
does not require digestion
| ready absorbed through gut (stomach and jejunum)
166
carbonated alcoholic beverages...
absorb more quickly than non-carbonated
167
ADH and CYP2E1
ADH acts at low concentrations of alcohol
| CYP2E1 acts at high concentrations
168
acetate -->
acetyl CoA (primary fuel for TCA cycle)
169
harmful metabolic intermediates of alcohol
```
acetaldehyde toxicity
high NADH:NAD ratio
vitamin A deficiency
drug interactions
replace more nutrient dense foods
```
170
1 drink =
```
beverage that is .5 fl oz of alcohol
1.5 oz distilled spirit
4-5 oz wine
10 oz wine cooler
12 oz beer
```
171
women absorb ___% more alcohol in stomach
30-35%
172
gastric ADH...
can oxidize alcohol in stomach, reducing absorption by 20%
173
degree of acetaldehyde accumulation depends on...
activities of ADH and ALDH
174
acetaldehyde toxicity symptoms
facial flushing, headaches, nausea, tachycardia, hyperventilation
175
disculfiram
drug that has been found some use in patients desiring to stop alcohol ingestion
176
effect of HRT shocking effect...
coronary artery disease and stroke went up when expected to go down
if start it younger when menopause starts, you see the reduction in CV symptoms
177
estrogen replacement reduces risk of hip fractures by __% and vertebral fracture by __%
25% and vertebral by 60%
178
adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy
8 more stroke case
8 more breast cancer
7 more heart attacks
18 more blood clots
179
cenegenics
optimal hormone level is of 30 year old, supplements to keep it there
180
mother hormone
pregnenlone --> progesterone, DHEA, aldosterone...
181
potential major side effects of hormone replacement
endocrine disruption, liver disease, heart disease, cancer
