Final.

Question 1

Autocracy.

Answer 1

Rule by one person with unlimited power.

Question 2

Anarchy.

Answer 2

An ideology that views the state as the key source of oppression and seeks to replace the state with a system based on voluntary cooperation. (Form of society without rulers).

Question 3

Balance of power.

Answer 3

A situation in which no state is dominant in the global system.

Question 4

Citizenship and variations in its basis.

Answer 4

The idea that a countries permanent residents are full members of the political community with certain duties and rights.

Question 5

Civic vs. ethic nationalism.

Answer 5

-Civic nationalism: Nationalism based on the shared political values and political history of those who are citizens of a country.
-Ethnic nationalism: Nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and languages associated with a particular ethnic group.

Question 6

Coalition government.

Answer 6

A government in which two or more political parties jointly govern, sharing the Cabinet positions.

Question 7

Checks and balances.

Answer 7

A basic principles of the American presidential system in which each of the three branches of government is able to check the actions of the others so that no individual or institution becomes to powerful.

Question 8

Cohabitation.

Answer 8

A system of divided government that occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as France, whenever the president is from a different political party than the majority of the members of parliament.

Question 9

Democratic deficit.

Answer 9

Growing public dissatisfaction with the performance, representation, and responsiveness of governments in liberal democracy.

Question 10

Deliberative democracy.

Answer 10

A political system in which decisions are made based on discussion by citizens rather than by elected representatives alone.

Question 11

Executive dominance.

Answer 11

A parliamentary system that places considerable power in the hands of the prime minister and cabinet through their ability to control the House of Commons, particularly in a majority government situation.

Question 12

Failed state.

Answer 12

A state that is unable to enforce laws, maintain order, protect the lives of citizens, and provide basic services.

Question 13

Filibuster.

Answer 13

The use of various delaying tactics by those opposed to the passage of a particular piece of legislation.

Question 14

Governor General.

Answer 14

The person who carries out the duties and responsibilities of the monarch at the national level in Canada. Head of state.

Question 15

Head of government.

Answer 15

The person who heads the executive side of government and is usually responsible for choosing the cabinet. In Canada, the prime minister is the head of the Canadian government, while the heads of provincial governments are known as the primer.

Question 16

Head of state.

Answer 16

In a parliamentary system, the head of state is an important but largely ceremonial position, but has the responsibility to ensure that a legitimate government is in place.

Question 17

Hegemonic party system.

Answer 17

A political system where one party holds power for an extended period of time by winning fraudulent elections.

Question 18

Dominant-party system.

Answer 18

A political occurrence in which a single political party continuously dominates election results over running opposition groups or parties. Any ruling party staying in power for more than one consecutive term may be considered a dominant party.

Question 19

Hybrid regimes.

Answer 19

Governing systems that are a mixture of democratic and nondemocratic rule. Typically gain and keep power through electoral fraud, corruption, and legal manoeuvres.

Question 20

Impeachment.

Answer 20

A process by which a president and other public officials can be removed from office after being accused of criminal behaviour and convicted by a legislative body.

Question 21

Import-substitution strategy for industrialization.

Answer 21

A model of economic development in which a country establishes high tariffs to protect businesses setting up to manufacture goods are replace imports.

Question 22

Keynesianism.

Answer 22

The idea that government can smooth both the ups and downs of the free-market economy by stimulating the economy when private business investment is low and cooling the economy when excessive investment is creatine inflation.

Question 23

Liberal democracy.

Answer 23

A political system that combines the liberal ideas of limited government, individuals freedom, and the rule of law with a democratic system of governing based on the election representatives.

Question 24

Licensed opposition.

Answer 24

Opposition parties that are allowed to exist, and win legislative seats but that can never take power.

Question 25

Military dictatorship.

Answer 25

An undemocratic government ran by the military.

Question 26

Majority government.

Answer 26

The government formed when the prime ministers party has a majority of the members of the House of Commons, thus, a single party forms the government.

Question 27

Minority government.

Answer 27

A single party governs, but that party does not have a majority of the members in the House of Commons. Thus, a minority government needs to gain the support of one or more other parties to pass legislation and to stay in office.

Question 28

Mixed member proportional system.

Answer 28

An electoral system in which some legislators are elected to represent particular electoral districts based on gaining the most votes in the district, while others are elected based on the popular vote reviewed by their party.

Question 29

Nation.

Answer 29

A group of people who share a sense of common identity and who typically believe they should be self-governing within their homeland.

Question 30

Nation-state.

Answer 30

A sovereign state based on people living in a country who share a sense of common identity as members of a particular nation.

Question 31

Nationalism.

Answer 31

The idea that the nation-state is the best form of political community, that a nation should have its own self-governing state, and that the interests, culture, and nation should be promoted.

Question 32

Party dictatorship.

Answer 32

An undemocratic political system that is controlled by one party. The most familiar examples are found in communist political systems.

Question 33

Party discipline.

Answer 33

The expectation that members of each party will vote in accordance with the position that the party has adopted in caucus.

Question 34

Plebiscitary democracy.

Answer 34

A form of democracy in which citizens have greater control than in representative democracy through the use of such devices a referendums, citizens, initiatives, and recall elections.

Question 35

Prerogative powers.

Answer 35

Powers of the monarch that have not been taken away by parliament. These are also known as reserve powers.

Question 36

Prime ministerial government.

Answer 36

The view that the prime minister has become the dominant member of the political executive, rather than among equals in the cabinet.

Question 37

Presidential veto.

Answer 37

The ability to prevent the passage of a bill. The president of the United States has the authority to veto laws passed by Congress, although this veto can be overridden to a two-thirds majority in each body of Congress.

Question 38

Proportional representation.

Answer 38

An electoral system in which the proportion of seats a party receives in the legislature reflects the proportion of votes it has obtained.

Question 39

Realism.

Answer 39

An approach to the study of international politics that assumes that, because the international system is anarchic, security is the major preoccupation of states. Peace rests primarily on deterrence, and the possibility of international governance is limited because states are reluctant to put constraints on their sovereignty.

Question 40

Rule of law.

Answer 40

The idea that people should be subject to known, predictable, and impartial rules of conduct, rather than to the arbitrary orders of particular individuals. Both the rulers and the ruled should be equally subject to law.

Question 41

Runoff election.

Answer 41

An election held if no candidate receives a majority of votes, generally, only the top two candidates appear on the ballot to ensure that the winning candidate has a majority of the votes cast.

Question 42

Referendum.

Answer 42

A vote by citizens on a particular issue or law.

Question 43

Recall.

Answer 43

A procedure that allows citizens to remove representatives from office. By gaining a sufficient number of signatures on a petition, citizens can require that their representative seek re-election before the representatives term is over.

Question 44

Citizens initiatives.

Answer 44

A procedure that gives citizens the right, by obtaining a sizeable number of signatures on a petition, to have a proposition that they have drafted put to a vote by the electoral by approval.

Question 45

Responsible government.

Answer 45

A governing system in which the political executive is accountable to parliament for its actions and must retain the support of the elected members of parliament to remain in office.

Question 46

Semi-presidential system.

Answer 46

A system of governing in which an elected president with a fixed term of office shared executive power with a prime minister and cabinet who are collectively responsible to an elected legislature.

Question 47

Single member plurality.

Answer 47

An electoral system in which voters in each electoral district elect a single representative to the legislature. The candidate with the most votes is elected, even if the candidate did not receive the majority of votes.

Question 48

Separation of powers.

Answer 48

A basic feature in presidential systems in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government are separate from each other, with each having different personnel and different bases of authority.

Question 49

Single transferable vote system.

Answer 49

An electoral system in which otters rank their preferences for candidates in a multi member electoral district. Candidates who receive a certain proportion are declared elected. The second preference of a voter that is surplus to what that winning candidate needs is then transferred to the voters second-preference candidate. The process is continued until all seats in the district are filled.

Question 50

Security dilemma.

Answer 50

The dilemma that arises when states need power to feel secure, but their accumulation of power might undermine rather than increase their security if it leads other states to feel that they are in danger and form an alliance to meet the perceived threat.

Question 51

Sovereignty.

Answer 51

The principle that states are the highest authority for their population and territory and are not subject to any external authority.

Question 52

State.

Answer 52

An independent, self-governing political community whose governing institutions gave the capability to make rules that are binding on the population residing within a particular territory.

Question 53

Totalitarianism.

Answer 53

A government that seeks to control all aspects of life within a country, authority based on customs that establish the right of certain persons to rule.

Question 54

Washington consensus.

Answer 54

A series of policies put together by the International Monetary Fund and the world bank that encourage developing countries to generate more revenue for debt repayment by cutting government expenditures to balance their budgets, selling off government-owned enterprises, and fully opening their countries to foreign goods and investments.

Question 55

Westminster system.

Answer 55

A governing system that developed in Britain featuring single party majority rule, executive dominance of parliament, and an adversarial relationship between the governing party and the opposition.

Question 56

In the parliamentary system, the prime minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the legislature. What does this mean?

Answer 56

They must have the support of the majority of the legislature to continue in power.

Question 57

Peace of Westphalia was profoundly consequential in reshaping political organization in Europe, leading to the erosion of both supranational and sub-state political authorities and their convergence into the single level of the nation-state as the dominant political entity. What supranational political authorities were crippled by the Peace of Westphalia?

Answer 57

Holy Roman Empire and Catholic Church.

Question 58

Name the country where totalitarianism is still found.

Answer 58

North Korea.

Question 59

Totalitarianism is characterized by?

Answer 59

-Single official ideology. -Complete single-party dominance. -Complete monopoly over the economy.

Question 60

The party with the greatest representation in the legislature forms the government and the executive is responsible to the legislature.

Answer 60

Parliamentary system.

Question 61

The head of government is elected separately from the legislature, is not responsible to the legislature, and serves as the head of state as well.

Answer 61

Presidential system.

Question 62

What is democratic backsliding?

Answer 62

-Violent overthrow of a democratic government. -Use of legal instruments to undermine democracy. -Erosion of democratic norms, particularly mutual tolerance and forbearance.

Question 63

In a semi-presidential system, the prime minister is?

Answer 63

Appointed by the president and is responsible to the legislature.

Question 64

In a semi-presidential system, the president is?

Answer 64

Elected by voters and is not responsible to the legislature.

Question 65

Which of the following is a potential outcome of a hung parliament?

Answer 65

-A minority government based on ad hoc support of other parties. -A minority government based on confidence and supply agreement. -A coalition government based on a formal sharing of power with another party.

Question 66

The modern state and the interstate system, despite their historically specific European origins, are universal features of the contemporary world. What is the mechanism that led to the universalization of the state and the interstate system?

Answer 66

European imperialism and subsequent decolonization.

Question 67

What happens once the prime minister and the Cabinet lose the confidence of the legislature in a parliamentary system?

Answer 67

Another party may be given a chance to form a government without an election and the legislature may be dissolved and a new election held.

Question 68

Who does not have the power to dissolve the legislature?

Answer 68

President in a presidential system.

Question 69

In some countries, even though regular elections are held, they are only semi-free, and while political competition is not entirely absent, it is lopsided. We see in these countries some judicial independence, media freedom, and tolerance of criticism & dissent, but their extent is limited. What kind of political system do such countries have?

Answer 69

Hybrid regime.

Question 70

Internal pacification.

Answer 70

Monopoly control over the use of the means of organized violence is one of the conditions for the effective exercise of sovereignty.

Question 71

Governor General in Canada is?

Answer 71

Head of state.

Question 72

Democratic backsliding.

Answer 72

-Erosion of democratic institutions, processes and norms to gravitate toward authoritarianism. -Violent overthrow of democratic govt (coup or revolution). -Use of legal instruments to undermine democracy. -Erosion of essential democratic norms, particularly mutual tolerance & forbearance.

Question 73

What is theory?

Answer 73

-Simplifying device that helps us make sense of the world and understand it. -Predicts outcomes based on prior occurrences or conditions.

Question 74

Assessing Theory Explanatory power.

Answer 74

Does its specified causal mechanism explain outcomes?

Question 75

Assessing Theory Predictive power.

Answer 75

Does it predict outcomes accurately?

Question 76

Assessing Theory Parsimony, aka elegance.

Answer 76

Does it do these things with as few assumptions and ancillary postulates as possible?

Question 77

Theoretical assumptions.

Answer 77

-Merit of assumptions does not rest on factual validity. -Merit of assumptions lies in how useful they are to facilitate this explanation.

Question 78

Key premises of realism.

Answer 78

-Organized violence, cooperation is difficult, war of all against all. -State-centrism - states are dominant actors in the international system. Focus on state ignore everything else. -State as a unitary actor - States are single actors speaking with one voice, ignore everything internal, internal variables of states irrelevant. -State as a rational actor - Decision based on cost and benefit, ignore how decisions are made, instead assume they are made rationally. -Primacy of security - States foremost concern is security, power central, pursuit of national interest in terms of power. -Anarchy and its ramifications - Things and the quality of international politics is ugly and violent.

Question 79

Pacifying effects of liberal economics.

Answer 79

Free trade and flow of capital means higher levels of interdependence. Mutually shared interests in not disrupting profitable economic exchanges.

Question 80

Pacifying effects of liberal politics.

Answer 80

Democratic governance, rules based on consent of the people, and self account to voters.

Question 81

Pacifying effects of liberal institutions.

Answer 81

-Decision-making procedures, prescribing acceptable behaviour. -Mitigate the structural effects of anarchy, domesticate international politics.

Question 82

Liberalism key premises.

Answer 82

-Multiple actors - states not the only actors that matter, looking beyond states. -States as non-unitary actor - different branches of government, political parties, domestic variables not only relevant but predominant. -State cannot be assumed to be a rational actor - There is no such thing as national interest. -No hierarchy of agendas - A lot more to international relations than just military conflicts, like ethics. - Anarchy and its ramifications - Anarchy can mean nasty things, but its effects are limited and can be addressed, making international politics less violent.

Question 83

Free and fair elections.

Answer 83

Free vote, secret ballot, universal suffrage, information, independent commissions, regular vote.

Question 84

Political economy.

Answer 84

-State-market relations. -The states exercises hierarchical political power, forming the basis of political community. -The market is a system of production and exchange mediated by Prince mechanism, forming the basis of economic and social relations.

Question 85

International political economy.

Answer 85

International dimensions of state-market relations.

Question 86

Domestic winners economic globalism.

Answer 86

Internationally competitive, rising industries, typically, where comparative advantages lie, primary market is abroad, ergo, for economic globalization.

Question 87

Domestic losers economic globalization.

Answer 87

Internationally uncompetitive, declining industries, typically, where there is no comparative advantage, primary market is internal, ergo, against economic globalization.

Question 88

Constructivism.

Answer 88

Meaning rests on a shared structure of intersubjective knowledge (everyone knows what a wedding ring is).

Question 89

Constructivism applying to state behaviour and interests.

Answer 89

-Behaviour driven by self-interest. -Interests should be explained, not assumed. -States come to acquire interests from their identities and norms.