FINAL Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
A brain structure considered of significant importance to the formation of new long-term memories.
A
HIPPOCAMPUS
2
Q
This is a strategy of organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units to increase the amount of information stored in short-term memory.
A
Chunking
3
Q
The number of items humans can hold in short-term memory.
A
7
4
Q
Acoustically codes information in working memory.
A
Phonological loop
5
Q
One can access it consciously
A
declarative or explicit mem
6
Q
The two areas in the left perisylvian network of language
A
Broca’s and wernicke’s
7
Q
A condition that where individuals experience trouble controlling the muscles that articulate speech sounds.
A
dysarthria
8
Q
A type of aphasia that inhibits the use of syntax.
A
agrammatic aphasia
9
Q
Damage to this part of a patient’s brain would present symptoms that include poor spoken and written comprehension but fluent and reasonably grammatical speech output.
A
posterior language areas in the left hemisphere
10
Q
Context, payoff, objectivity, preference.
A
representations of value
11
Q
alphabetic, syllabic, and logographic.
A
three primary symbol writing systems
12
Q
exical access → lexical selection → lexical integration
A
3 main components of lexical processing
13
Q
When lesions are formed it may cause impairment to this brain structure that impedes the ability to make goal-directed decisions
A
frontal cortex
14
Q
key component of working memory involving the selection of information that is most relevant.
A
dynamic filtering
15
Q
People with more of this, are better able to suppress negative emotion voluntarily.
A
higher left sided activity
16
Q
This brain structure is most involved with disgust
A
insula
17
Q
This brain structure performs a modulatory role in declarative memory.
A
amygdala
18
Q
Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of.
A
classical conditioning
19
Q
A valanced response to external or internal stimuli
A
emotion
20
Q
A
20
Q
Neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that working memory engages the
A
prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.
21
Q
The most caudal part of the frontal lobe.
A
Primary Motor
22
Q
Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex.
A
ateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, and medial frontal cortex
23
Q
the concept of “words in the same neighborhood” is analogous to
A
words related in meaning
24
The collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology of words
Mental lexicon
25
Which part of our brain helps to keep posture and balance?
cerebellum
26
Patient X has some specific type of aphasia, he experiences a problem with word finding, but has no problem with comprehension
anomia
27
Wernicke's area is located in________
temporal lobe
28
True or false: In Wernicke's aphasia, comprehension is good but speech is poor
False. comprehension is poor, but speech is fluent.
29
broca's area is one of the main areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for
speech production
30
_______is memory that has no capacity limits and holds information from minutes to an entire lifetime
LTM
31
what is it called when you have both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
global or total amnesia
32
The term for the condition when a person cannot form new memories
anterograde amnesia
33
what is serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
34
two types of explicit memory
semantic and episodic
35
part of a brain that plays a critical role in emotional learning and generating appropriate responses to environmental cues.
amygdala
36
Elizabeth Loftus is associated with what kind of psychological phenomenon
false memory
37
state of confusion or memory loss that occurs immediately following a traumatic brain injury is called
POST-TRAUMATIC AMNESIA
38
A deficit in language comprehension or production, commonly due to a left hemisphere stroke or insult
aphasia
39
This disorder characterized by difficulty retrieving words; individuals with ___________ use wordy and indirect language to express an idea when unable to retrieve the desired word or words.
anomia
40
inability to perceive movement
akinestognosia
41
This theory of emotion states that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
42
Name 6 basic emotions
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surpris
43
This part of Limbic System is responsible for fight or flight response.
amygdala
43
What kind of emotions may promote avoidance or defensive behavior
Negative emotions such as anger and fear
44
this theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.
James-Lange Theory of emotion
45
Broca's area is located in
frontal lobe
46
after the stroke Jenny is unable to speak fluently; her speech has poor grammar, she also experiences difficulty forming complete sentences, but she has no problem to understand a speech of others. Jenny was diagnosed with
broca's aphasia
47
The impairment of motor planning and programming of speech articulation due to left hemisphere brain damage
apraxia
48
The ----------------- is the bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.
arcuate fasciculus
49
What kind of deficits an individual can experience, if his/her fusiform area was damaged
recognizing faces
50
To explain dichotic listening findings such as the observation that a participant usually notices when his or her own name is embedded in the ignored channel, Treisman (1969) proposed that
unattended information is not completely excluded from higher analysis, but merely attenuated
51
Both early- and late-selection models of attention share the idea that
the human information processing system cannot fully process every piece of information it receives.
52
All of the following describe differences between early-selection and late-selection models of attention EXCEPT
late-selection models argue that human information processing has limited capacity, whereas early-selection models argue that capacity is unlimited.
53
In attention experiments, cues that correctly predict the location of the target are called ________, whereas cues that predict other locations are called ________.
valid; invalid
54
Which of the following phenomena is the most consciously mediated?
exogenous cuing
55
The process of directing one’s attention to a specific external stimulus is called
orienting
56
Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives. This is an example of
retrograde amnesia.
57
Decreased oxygenation and cell death is to ____________ as beta-amyloid proteins negatively affecting synapse formation and neuroplasticity is to ____________.
vascular dementia; Alzheimer’s disease
58
You diagnose two different patients, each with a form of dementia. Patient 1 has a neurogenerative disease; Patient 2 does NOT have a neurogenerative disease. Which of the following summarizes the two patient reports?
Patient 1: Alzheimer’s disease, areas affected: medial temporal lobes. Patient 2: frontotemporal lobar dementia, areas affected: frontal lobes.
59
After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She
cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.
60
A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems, such as trouble remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired?
the left perisylvian cortex
61
The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results
H.M. has a deficit limited to explicit memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to implicit memory
62
George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time.
7
63
According to the modal model of memory, information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from
sensory mem
64
Which of the following best describes the flow of information in the Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) modal model of memory?
sensory memory short-term storage long-term storage
65
Which of the following statements concerning types of memory in the modal model of memory is FALSE?
Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in long-term memory.
66
Declarative or explicit memory is knowledge that
one can access consciously.
67
Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________.
priming; episodic memory
68
Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her ________ memory is accurate, but her ________ memory is incomplete
semantic; episodic
69
________ memory does NOT affect behavior consciously.
nondeclarative
70
One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the “high road.” This pathway can be characterized as _________ and involves a ________.
“slow and analytical”; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
71
A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the ________,
hippocampus; amygdala
72
Which of the following results best supports the notion that the amygdala modulates the consolidation of hippocampus-based memories?
Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task, during retention
73
The mechanism through which the amygdala modulates hippocampus-based learning may be related to the observation that
arousing stimuli decay less quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.
74
You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone. In this paradigm, the electric shock is the ________, while the tone is the ________.
unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
75
Lesions to the amygdala ________ unconditioned responses to aversive events, ________ the ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli.
do not block; but they do block
76
32. A person with conduction aphasia is most likely to have difficulty in
repeating spoken language
77
The term ________ refers to the collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology of words.
mental lexicon
78
________ is to the meaning of a word as ________ is to the spelling of a word
Semantics; orthography
79
Baron Cohen has proposed that people with ________ have impaired theory-of-mind abilities, coining the term mindblindness
ASD autism spectrum disorder
80
Which of the following hypothetical programs would be MOST helpful toward alleviating the social deficits typically observed in antisocial personality disorder (APD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or schizophrenia?
A program that is able to teach people with ASD how to interpret intentions of others.
81
The self-referent effect refers to the phenomenon that
information processed in relation to the self is enhanced in memory
82
Which structure is responsible for extended consciousness?
cerebal corex
83
39. Core consciousness is turned off by lesioning which intralaminar nuclei (ILN) of the thalamus?
both left and right
84
Which system processes novel task demands under the scaffolding to storage framework?
scaffloding
