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BSC 121 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the process of fertilization

A

Acrosome tip of sperm eats away at jelly layer of the egg to bind to sperm receptors

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2
Q

Structures of the spermatozoa

A

Acrosomal tip, head, midpiece, flagellum.
Nucleus in the head, Mitochondrion in the midpiece.

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3
Q

Compare and Contrast male and female anatomy

A

Female has a uterus and vagina
Male has a penis (external urethra)

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4
Q

Hormones in the male reproductive system

A

Testosterone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) made by hypothalamus releases Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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5
Q

LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce ________.

A

Testosterone

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6
Q

Oogenesis

A

Females are born with all the primary oocytes they will ever have
Each ovarian cycle, several oocytes begin maturation but only one is ovulated each cycle.

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7
Q

Explain the process of birth

A

Placenta secretes estrogen. Oxytocin stimulated by estrogen promotes muscle contraction in the uterus. Pressure of fetus triggers more oxytocin to release.

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8
Q

Stages of Labor

A

1: Cervix relaxes, causing it to dilate and thin out.
2: Uterine contractions increase in strength and the infant is delivered.
3: Placenta is expelled.

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9
Q

Difference between biotic and abiotic factors

A

Biotic: interactions between living things
Abiotic: interactions between living things and their nonliving environment

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10
Q

Factors the effect the distribution of organisms

A

Temperature, wind, water, light, salinity, pH

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11
Q

Explain how the changes in solar radiation impacts the climate and location of biomes

A

Solar radiation plays a big role in heat and availability of water in a biome. This will determine the climate of biomes. Biomes closer to the equator will be hotter and drier, due to the abundance of solar radiation.

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12
Q

What kind of biomes would you find at high temperatures?

A

Tropical: rain forest, deciduous forest, grassland. Hot desert.

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13
Q

What biomes would you find at a medium temperature?

A

Temperate: rain forest, deciduous forest, grassland. Cold desert. Taiga.

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14
Q

What biomes would you find at a cold temperature?

A

Tundra. (Some taiga, temperate grassland, and cold desert.)

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15
Q

Why is it important to have innate behaviors?

A

Innate behaviors are what keep an organism alive. Ex: a newborn horse standing up to find milk.

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16
Q

What is altruism?

A

Behavior that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself

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17
Q

What are innate behaviors?

A

Instinctual behaviors

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18
Q

What is habituation?

A

Organism ignores repeated stimulus

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19
Q

What is associative learning?
(Hint: there are 2 types)

A

Learning by association.
Classical Conditioning: involuntary response to stimulus after association
Operant Conditioning: behavior reinforced by a consequence.

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20
Q

What is cognitive learning?

A

Ability to solve problems with conscious thought

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21
Q

What is imprinting?

A

A process during an animal’s critical period where animal develops irreversible species-specific patterns of behavior

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22
Q

Types of ways that animals move?

A

Local: to food, water, mates, and nesting sites
Kinesis: movement in response to stimulus but not directed toward or away from source
Taxis: Positive: toward stimulus. Negative: away from stimulus

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23
Q

Migration mechanisms:

A

piloting: animal moves from one familiar landmark to the next
orientation: ability to follow compass bearing and travel in straight line
navigation: follow compass bearings but can also set or adjust path

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24
Q

What is chemical communication?

Study These Flashcards
A

Like marking territories or attracting mates

25
What is auditory communication?
Howling, chirping, etc. for warning or attraction of mates.
26
What is visual communication?
Showboating. Typically for a mate
27
What is tactile communication?
Bee dance. Can build bonds between group members or convey information
28
Compare and contrast individual living and group living.
Individual: Less competition for food and mates. Less protection. Group: Strength in numbers. More competition.
29
What are the different types of mating systems?
Monogamy: 1:1 for life or breeding cycle Polygamy: either males of females mate with more than one partner in a breeding season. - Polygyny: one male many females - Polyandry: one female many males
30
Name different types of traps and an example of an animal you could catch with them.
Pit Fall: Mice Mist Net: Bats Live Trap: Raccoons
31
Explain the different reproductive strategies.
Semelparity: Give birth then die. Iteroparity (seasonal): give birth once a season. Iterparity (continuous): give birth at random
32
Explain survivorship curves
Type 1: Individuals die late in life Type 2: Uniform rate decline Type 3: Huge decline in young
33
Explain types of growth curves.
Exponential: resources not limiting, prodigious growth Logistic: resources are limiting, limits the amount of growth (has a carrying capacity)
34
Characteristics of r-selected species.
Rapid development, high reproductive rate, small, weak, short life, type 3, variable population size, low parental care
35
Characteristics of k-selected species.
slow development, low reproductive rate, large, strong, long life, type 1, constant population size, high parental care
36
____ curves are associated with organisms with high mortality rates in the early stages of life.
Type 3
37
What is the direction of the ocean currents in the southern hemisphere?
Counter Clockwise
38
Explain - Oviparous - Ovoviparous - Viviparous
Ovi- lays eggs Ovovi- retains egg, no placenta Vivi- retains egg, placenta present
39
Different types of tissue and functions
- epithelial - nervous - connective - muscle
40
Parts and functions of the eye
Lens Pupil Retina Rods Cones
41
Key features of: Vertebrates Gnathostomes Osteichthyes Lobe fins Tetrapods Amniotes
V: Back Bone G: teeth hole O: Bones L: Lobed fins T: 4 legs A: amniotic egg.
42
Examples of cyclostomata
Hagfish, Lamprey
43
Chondrichthyes
- Sharks, skates, and rays - Teeth not fused to jaw.
44
Osteichthyans
All vertebrates with a bony skeleton includes 2 types of fish: ray-finned and lobe-finned
45
Amphibia
- live on land and in water - breathe using buccal pumping - go to water to reproduce
46
Aves (Avians)
Birds Have: feathers, air sacs, reduced organs, lightweight skeleton
47
Mammals have:
mammary glands, hair, specialized teeth, enlarged skull, single lower jawbone, 3 inner ear bones, external ears.
48
Different types of receptors and what they're for
Mechano: mechanical energy Thermo: detect heat and cold Nociceptors: pain and extreme heat, cold, and pressure Electromagnetic: detect radiation Photoreceptors: detect visible light Chemoreceptors: respond to specific chemicals
49
Compound eyes:
Found in arthropods and some annelids Composed of many light detectors called ommatidia
50
Single-lens eye
Found in vertebrates path of light: pupil>lens>back of eye
51
Fovea is the ____ receptor in our eyes.
color
52
Types of skeletons and what they're made of (Hint: there are 3)
Exoskeleton- chitin Endoskeleton- carbon/calcium Hydroskeleton- water (coelom)
53
Exoskeleton
made of chitin weak arthropods segmented for movement
54
Endoskeleton
sponges, echinoderms, and vertebrates may be made of cartilage or bone
55
Blood cells and platelets are formed in _____
marrow
56
- A grouping of cells bound together in bundles by connective tissue - Usually linked to bones by bundles of collagen fibers called tendons
Skeletal muscle
57
Types of skeletal muscles (Hint: 2)
- Flexors: bend a limb at the joint - Extensors: straighten a limb
58
What are the types of asexual reproduction? (Hint: 3 types)
Budding Regeneration Parthenogenesis
59
What is budding? regeneration? parthenogenesis?
Budding: portion of parent pinches off to form complete, new individual Regen: complete organism is formed from fragment of parent's body Partheno: Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs.

BSC 121 (2 decks)

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