Final Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Which fiber type is most affected by aging?
A
Fast Twitch
2
Q
Motor Unit Number Calculation
A
Average of Single EMG / Group EMG
3
Q
Does oxidative stress increase or decrease with age?
A
Increase
4
Q
What is oxidative stress caused by?
A
Cells that are activated during muscle damage and mitochondrial defects
5
Q
Fiber Transition with Aging:
A
Type IIx - Type IIa - Type I
6
Q
Why are lower body muscles most affected by aging?
A
Because you are losing lower body muscle groups daily to arthritis and pain
7
Q
Why might elbow extensors be preserved with age?
A
Because you are using your arms more to support yourself (walkers, canes, etc.)
8
Q
Does muscle aerobic capacity increase or decrease with age? Why?
A
Decrease because of a decrease in mitochondria number and size and capillarization
9
Q
What could training increase production of?
A
Anti-Oxidant Enzymes
10
Q
Do hybrid muscle fiber types increase or decrease with age?
A
Increase
11
Q
How many types of myosin heavy chains do hybrid muscle fiber types have?
A
More than one
12
Q
What do hybrid muscle fiber types indicate?
A
That denervation- reinervation has occurred
13
Q
What allows males to have a greater muscle mass than women?
A
Testosterone
14
Q
What is the main energy currency molecule in a muscle?
A
ATP
15
Q
How is ATP re-synthesized?
A
The breakdown of fat, protein and glycogen
16
Q
What occurs to increase the amount of fat supplied to the muscle?
A
Increased capillarization and substrate delivery
17
Q
What does a greater amount of mitochondria increase?
A
The rate of chemical reactions
18
Q
The amount of ATP in your muscle supplied enough energy to sustain muscle contraction for how long?
A
A few seconds
19
Q
Where are most of the enzymes involved in aerobic metabolism located?
A
The mitochondria
20
Q
What are the 3 main energy systems?
A
1) Anaerobic ATP- Creatine Phosphate
2) Anaerobic Glycolytic (Lactic Acid)
3) Aerobic (oxidative)
21
Q
What fuels are used in the Anaerobic ATP-CR system?
A
ATP and creatine phosphate
22
Q
How long does it take the Anaerobic ATP-CR system to fatigue and why does it fatigue?
A
30 seconds and depletion of creatine phosphate
23
Q
Where does the chemical reaction of the Anaerobic ATP-CR system occur?
A
The cytoplasm
24
Q
What fuels are used in the Anaerobic Glycolytic system?
A
Glycogen
25
How long does it take the Anaerobic Glycolytic system to fatigue and why does it fatigue?
2-4 minutes and lactic acid build up
26
Where does the chemical reaction of the Anaerobic Glycolytic system occur?
Cytoplasm
27
What fuels are used in the Aerobic system?
Glycogen, glucose, fats and proteins
28
How long does it take the Aerobic system to fatigue and why does it fatigue?
Hours and glycogen depletion
29
Where does the chemical reaction of the Aerobic system occur?
The mitochondria
30
What speeds up the rate of phosphocreatine re-synthesis?
Creatine
31
What system is dominant in a 100m dash?
Anaerobic ATP- Creatine Phosphate
32
What system is dominant in the 400m sprint?
Anaerobic Glycolytic
33
What system is dominant in a marathon?
Aerobic
34
What is the main purpose of the energy systems?
Regenerate ATP
35
Rank the systems highest to lowest: Peak power output
1. Creatine- ATP
2. Anaerobic Glycolytic
3. Aerobic
36
Rank the systems most to least: Fatigue Ability
1. Creatine- ATP
2. Anaerobic Glycolytic
3. Aerobic
37
What system is used in a hockey game?
Anaerobic glycolytic
38
What system is used in a football game?
Creatine- ATP
39
What is an enzyme of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
40
What is an enzyme of the creatine- ATP system?
Creatine Kinase
41
What is oxidation
The breakdown of carbohydrates or fats in the mitochondria
42
Oxidation of Fats RQ=
0.7
43
Oxidation of Carbohydrates RQ=
1.0
44
When are RQ and RER the same?
At the start of the exercise
45
What with someone with fewer mitochondria have during exercise?
A larger build up of lactic acid
46
What will someone with lots of mitochondria be able to do?
Take up lactic acid and turn it into ATP
47
Stimulate or Inhibit during Glycogen phosphorylase: ATP
Inhibit
48
Stimulate or Inhibit during Glycogen phosphorylase: Inorganic Phosphate
Stimulate
49
Stimulate or Inhibit during Glycogen phosphorylase: Calcium
Stimulate
50
Stimulate or Inhibit during Glycogen phosphorylase: Epinephrine
Stimulate
51
Stimulate or Inhibit during breakdown of fats and carbohydrates: ATP
Inhibit
52
Stimulate or Inhibit during breakdown of fats and carbohydrates: ADP
Stimulate
53
Stimulate or Inhibit during breakdown of fats and carbohydrates: Inorganic Phosphate
Stimulate
54
Will an athlete that is untrained or an athlete that is endurance trained have a higher lactate level? Why?
Untrained because they have fewer mitochondria
55
What does aerobic training decrease?
- Fatigue
| - Build up of lactic acid
56
How can an increase acidity during exercise cause fatigue?
-Blocking binding site for calcium on troponin
57
What does allosteric modulator change?
The shape of an enzyme
58
When does the maximal rate of a chemical reaction occur?
When all enzymes are saturated with reactants
59
What enzyme can be used as a marker of glycogenolysis?
Glycogen phosphorylase
60
How does your body dispose of lactate?
- Lactate shuttle in liver
| - Cori cycle
61
What cycle breaks down pyruvate into smaller components?
Krebs Cycle
62
The Krebs cycle is most common in what types of metabolism?
- Carbohydrate
- Protein
- Fat
63
How many ATP's are produced in one round of the Krebs Cycle?
1
64
What molecules are formed in the Krebs Cycle and what do they act as?
- NADH and FADH
| - Act as storage forms of energy
65
How many ATP is produced by the oxidation of glucose?
36
66
What does the brain depend heavily on?
Glucose
67
During exercise, what uptake by the muscle increases?
Glucose
68
How do you maintain blood glucose levels?
By the liver releasing glucose
69
Depletion of what would result in fatigue during a marathon?
Carbohydrates
70
What is mainly used during aerobic activities
Fats
71
What cycle produces the most ATP?
Electron Transport Chain
72
Insulin Lacking
Type I Diabetes
73
Sensitive to Insulin
Type II Diabetes
74
What is an enzyme of the Electron Transport Chain?
Cytochrome Oxidase
75
What 2 things does insulin stimulate?
- Protein Synthesis
| - Glycogen formation
76
What does glycogen stimulate?
Gluconeogenesis
77
What 3 things does epinephrine stimulate?
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
- Fat breakdown
78
What 3 things does cortisol stimulate?
- Gluconeogenesis
- Fat breakdown
- Muscle breakdown
79
How could you replenish energy stores?
By consuming food very soon after exercising
80
What is better to stimulate: Fatty acid or carbohydrate metabolism? Why?
Fatty acid because it provides more energy (RQ=1.0)
81
Glycemic Index
Indicated blood glucose response after consuming a food
82
What metabolite is common to carbohydrate and fat metabolism?
Acetyl CoA
83
What does it mean if someone has a high glycemic index?
They have high blood glucose and high insulin levels
84
What does insulin inhibit (store) ?
The mobilization of fats from adipose tissue
85
What is an enzyme of fat metabolism?
Succinate Dehydrogenase
86
Which has a greater size and number of carbon bonds: Fatty acids or Glucose?
Fatty Acids
87
What could be used during short duration, high power exercise? Why?
Glucose because it is easiest to break down
88
What are lipoproteins made of?
Triglycerides, cholesterol, protein
89
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
High triglyceride content (BAD)
90
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
Low triglyceride content (GOOD)
91
What 3 hormones are released during exercise that stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver?
- Epinephrine
- Glucagon
- Cortisol
92
What metabolic pathway is not involved in fat metabolism?
Glycolysis
93
How is NH3 removed from the liver?
Transamination and Oxidative Deamination
94
Transamination
- Exchange of NH3
| - Mainly in muscle
95
Oxidative Deamination
- Removal of NH3
| - Mainly in liver
96
What kind of proteins are important for endurance exercise?
Mitochondrial
97
Contractile proteins are important for what kind of exercise?
Strength (aerobic)
98
What cycle maintains blood-glucose levels?
The glucose-alanine cycle
99
When is the blood-glucose level activated?
During fasting/ starvation or during long exercise
100
What does DNA contain?
Genetic material that encodes the proteins that are to be made in the cell
101
mRNA is a molecule that does what?
Transcribes a portion of DNA and takes it out of the nucleus for protein synthesis
102
Genotype
Your type of genes
103
Phenotype
Your outward appearance of genes
104
Satellite Cells
Involved in the repair of muscle damage after exercise
105
Proliferation
Multiplication from one to many cells
106
Differentiation
Development of a cell
107
What does resistance training increase?
The number of satellite cells and myonuclei
108
Myostatin
Protein that halts satellite cell activation
109
What would someone who does not produce Myostatin look like?
Very big
110
What is not involved in transcription?
Ribosomes
111
Where does transcription happen?
In the nucleus
112
What is not involved in translation?
DNA
113
What is involved in both translation and transcription?
mRNA
114
Hyperplasia
Increase in number
115
Hypertrophy
Increase in size
116
Which is more likely to occur with resistance training? Hypertrophy or Hyperplasia?
Hypertrophy
117
What type of muscle fibers respond to hypertrophy and why?
Fast twitch because they are exhausted easier
118
What allows greater motor unit recruitment?
Weight lifting sets to exhaustion
119
What could be used to achieve complete exhaustion of the remaining slow motor units?
Forced repetitions
120
When does hypertrophy occur?
When there is an increase in myofillaments
121
Change with endurance training: Mitochondria
Increase
122
Change with endurance training: Glycolysis
Stay the same
123
Change with endurance training: Beta- Oxidation
Increase
124
Change with endurance training: Krebs Cycle
Increase
125
Change with endurance training: Electron Transport Chain
Increase
126
Change with endurance training: Capillary to fiber ratio
Increase
127
Change with endurance training: Capillary density
Increase
128
Change with endurance training: Muscle fiber area
Increase
129
Ratio of mitochondria volume to cell volume change: Endurance Aerobic training
Increase
130
Ratio of mitochondria volume to cell volume change: Strength training
Decrease or stay the same
131
Capillary density (capillary/fiber area) change: Endurance aerobic training
Increase
132
Capillary density (capillary/fiber area) change: Strength Training
Decrease or stay the same
133
What might a long, intense aerobic training session require?
- Breakdown of muscle protein for energy
| - Increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids
134
What carries oxygen in the muscle?
Myoglobin
135
What carries oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin
136
How does someone get an increase in capillary density?
Increase in mitochondrial volume
137
What will doing the same resistance training session followed by aerobic training result in?
The lowest satellite cell activation
138
What principles allow you to recruit a maximal number of motor units?
Variety and Overload
139
What principle allows you to closely match the motor recruitment pattern that occurs in your sport?
Specificity
140
What is the principle of Overload?
Must be progressively more and more difficult for adaptation to occur
141
Increasing the amount of load experienced by your muscle to keep motor unit recruitment high
Principle of Overload
142
By doing what 3 things can you achieve overload?
1) Forced Repetitions
2) Eccentrics
3) Isometrics
143
Eccentrics: Advantage
High tension produced (more hypertrophy)
144
Eccentrics: Disadvantage
DOMS
145
What is Isometrics?
Generation of force without muscle movement
146
Isometrics: Advantage
Produce more force in your muscle
147
Principle of Variety
To get optimal recruitment, exercises must be changed frequently
148
How long does muscle protein synthesis remain elevated?
48 hours
149
What kind of contractions allow you to produce greater force in the muscle than concentric contractions?
Isometric contractions
150
Principle of Specificity
Training must match sport performance as closely as possible ex) repetitions, speed, movement pattern
151
Periodization
Alteration in training protocol throughout the year
152
Osteoblasts
Cells involved in bone formation
153
Osteoclasts
Cells involved in bone break-down
154
Osteocytes
Cells involved in detection of loads on bone
155
Osteoid
Immature bone (unmineralized)
156
Bone Turnover
Bones turn over in a cycle of reabsorption
157
What is the purpose of bone turnover?
To get a stronger bone
158
Characteristics for Optimal Strain (building bone)
- Strains high in frequency
- High strain rates
- Strains high in magnitude
- Abnormally distributed strains
- Dynamic strains are better than static strains
- Responsiveness of bone to a strain induced by exercise is reduced the longer the strain is applied
159
What stimulates fat storage?
Insulin
160
What is more dense? Protein or fat?
Protein
161
Where is oxygen consumed?
The Electron Transport Chain
162
Can a trained or untrained person oxidize more carbs?
Untrained
163
What pathway do fatty acids go through before the Krebs Cycle?
Beta-Oxidation
164
What is formed by a 2 carbon molecule?
Acetyl CoA
165
What is an enzyme in beta-oxidation?
Hydroxyacyl Dehydrogenase
166
How many rounds of beta-oxidation are required to break down an 18 carbon fatty acid?
8
167
What is involved in fat transport at the mitochondrial membrane?
Carnitine
168
What allows the breakdown of blood triglycerides of fatty acids and glycerol at the muscle fiber membrane?
Hormone Sensitive Lipase
