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PSYC213 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Hick’s law

A

the more info to process, the longer it takes

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2
Q

types of interoceptive sensations

A

equilibrioception (balance), nociception (pain) and propriception (limbs)

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3
Q

types of receptors responsible for exteroceptive sensations

A

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors

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4
Q

akinetopsia

A

inability to perceive movement because of damage in dorsal pathway

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5
Q

optic ataxia

A

difficulty reaching for objects and naming them because damage to dorsal pathway

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6
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inbaility to recognize faces because damage to FFA

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7
Q

semantic agnosia/ visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects because damage to ventral pathway

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8
Q

what are the three visual object recognition theories?

A

Feature detection (pattern recognition), template matching and prototype theory

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9
Q

scene consistency effect

A

more easy to perceive certain stimuli in their expected environment

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10
Q

What are the two types of synesthesia?

A

Grapheme colour->colours with letter and numbers
Chromesthesia->sound and colours
–>more present in women
–>pairing stable over time
–>genetic component

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11
Q

How do we perceive sounds?

A

Frequency->pitch
Amplitude->loudness
Complexity of wavelength->timbre
Interaural time difference VS interaural level difference

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12
Q

misophonia

A

decreased tolerance to specific
sounds

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13
Q

What are the different types of attention?

A

Arousal->Automatic nervous system/ reticular activating system
Bottom-up attention->stimuli guided automatic attention
top-down attention->observer guided attention

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14
Q

Endogenous VS exogenous attention

A

Exogenous= bottom-up processing/ temporo parietal junction
Endogenous=top-down processing/goal directed

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15
Q

spatial neglect

A

damage to right hemisphere and deficit in spatial attention on contralateral side

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16
Q

Balint syndrome

A

optic ataxia
oculomotor apraxia->inability to voluntarily shift gaze
simultanagnosia->inability to identify more than one object in scene

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17
Q

What are the different types of top-down attention?

A

Sustained attention->maintain focus on one task/vigilance
Divided attention->shifting focus between tasks/multi tasking
Selective attention->focus on one input

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18
Q

Broadbent’s early selection filter model

A

filter info at perception level but not for meaning (dichotic listening task/shadowing task)

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19
Q

Treisman’s attenuator model

A

early filter dials down the influence of unattended material but can still break through if very meaningful

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20
Q

Late selection filter model

A

process input to the level of the meaning, and then select what we want to process further (stroop task

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21
Q

Load theory of attention

A

Filter placement will depend on how much of your resources are required for your current task (difficult task=early filter/ flanker task))

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22
Q

what’s the difference between change blindness and inattentional blindness?

A

Change blindness->failure to detect changes in stimuli (Flicker technique)
Inattentional blindness->not noticing something new in environment

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23
Q

explain the Posner’s cueing task

A

If short stimuli onset asynchrony->RT faster for valid trials
otherwise, inhibition of return

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24
Q

What are the two types of Visual search tasks?

A

Feature search->looking for object that differs based on one feature (automatic)
Conjunction search->Search for an object that differs from distractors
across many features (voluntary)

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25
What is the pop-out effect?
time to find a target in feature search is independent from the number of distractors
26
Embodied theories of attention
Overt visual attention->attent to something with eyes Covert visual attention->attend to something without eye movements
27
What are the two views on Imagery?
Depictive representation->keep perceptual and spatial characteristics (mental scanning,mental rotation, mental scaling) Descriptive representation->knowledge represented with proposition (matching specific figure with original figure)
28
concreteness effect
concrete word are remembered more easily than abstract wirds
29
How can we measure the vividness of mental imagery?
self report (Vividness of visual imagery questionnaire) or Paper folding test
30
Congenital aphantasia
no mental images
31
hyperphantasia
extremely vivid mental imagery
32
What are the three steps of memory?
Encoding->Storage->Retrieval
33
Multi-store model
Sensory input->Sensory memory->Short term memore->long term memory
34
Short term memory
Info from sensory memory come with attention Limited time capacity->20 a 30s Limited capacity->7items (auditory) and 4items (visual)
35
serial position effect
primacy effect->depends on LTM recency effect->depends on STM
36
working memory
phonological loop->phonological store (inner ear) and articulatory control loop (inner voice) visuospatial sketchpad->visual cache (visual features) and inner scribe (spatial and movements) central executive->choose info coming from STM episodic buffer->control info coming from STM, LTM
37
Decay theory
Memories are lost over time due to disuse
38
Interference effect
Interference is responsible for much of forgetting
39
What are the two types of interferences?
Proactive interference->Prior info interferes with encoding a new memory Retroactive interference->new info interferes with old one
40
encoding specificity hypothesis
=context dependent learning or state dependent learning retrieval is better when encoding correspond with retrieval
41
misattribution effect
retrieving info from wrong source
42
misinformation effect
adding new info to change the memory
43
reappearance theory
episodic memory trace is recalled the same way at each retrieval
44
What are the different types of implicit memory?
procedural memory->striatum (basal ganglia for motor sequence) and prefrontal cortex for organization priming->neocortex emotional responses->amygdala
45
spreading activation
automatic activation of related concept from the one activated
46
What are the three types of amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia->inability to form new memories Retrograde amnesia->loss of prior memories Dissociative amnesia->loss of autobiographical memories
47
Semantic dementia
impaired word naming and picture matching tasks
48
Associative deficit hypothesis
hippocampal atrophy leading to difficulty encoding and retrieving associations
49
What is the link between Memory and consciousness?
Anoetic->implicit memory/no awareness and personal engagement Noetic->semantic/awareness but no personal engagement Autonoetic->episodic/awareness and personal engagement
50
What are the three levels of concept organization?
Superordinate (mammal), basic (dog) and subordinate (labrador)
51
difference between inclusivity of concept and graded organization
52
difference between defining features and characteristics features
53
classic approach to concept learning
Feature comparison between encountered items and list
54
ad-hoc categories
category concept that is invented for a specific purpose or goa
54
Knowledge-based theories
essentialism
54
Sensory functional theories
Concepts represented by defining features living things->visual features non-living things->functional features
54
prototype theory
create a mental average of group and compare new exemplar to it
54
Typicality effect
Preference for processing items close to the prototype
55
Exemplar theory
compare new item with all exemplars of category
56
Perceptual symbol system
Perception and conceptual knowledge are linked as ‘perceptual symbols’
56
Describe the three types of aphasia
Broca's aphasia (non-fluent aphasia)->impaired language production Wernicke's aphasia (fluent aphasia)->impaired written and spoken comprehension Conduction aphasia->impaired repetition because of damage to arcuate fasciculus
56
What mechanisms are used by patient suffering from Wernicke's aphasia?
paraphasias verbal->substituting words phonemic->swapping speech sounds neologisms->made-up words
57
The innateness hypothesis
born with principles of grammar Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and Universal Grammar supported by convergence to same grammar, uniformity, poverty of stimulus argument
58
What are the building blocks of language?
Phonemes->smallest sound unit Morphemes->smallest meaningful units
59
garden path sentence
Sentences with multiple interpretation of the syntax structures-->parsing ambiguity
60
What are the two theories of sentence parsing?
Syntax first->use grammatical rules to interpret a sentence as we are hear/read it Constraint-based model->use more than grammar (expectation, frequency)
61
What are the two views about thoughts and language?
Linguistic universalists->language and thoughts are independent Linguistic relativity (=Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)->language and thought are interconnected
62
What are the two forms of dyslexia?
Surface dyslexia->difficulty matching words to mental dictionary/difficulty reading irregular words Phonological dyslexia->difficulty reading letter by letter/difficulty reading new words
63
What is the dual process theory?
two systems for making decisions->slow (logical analysis) and fast (heuristic-based) systems
64
Cite heuristics
Availability heuristic, representativeness, regression towards the mean, anchoring and adjustement, Gambler's fallacy
65
Bounded rationality theory
theory that humans are rational relative to environmental constraints and individual constraints look for good enough solution
66
Ecological rationality
Heuristics are an optimal approach
67
Framing effect
gain framing->risk averse loss framing->risk seeking
68
endowment effect
give higher value to what we own
69
Prospect theory
Explain how people make decisions under uncertainty Shape of utility and shape of probability weighting function
70
What are the two types of reasoning?
Inductive reasoning->from specific observations to theories (age 7 to 11) Deductive reasoning->use theories to try to explain observations (teenage years)
71
What are the three types of syllogisms?
All statements, No statements and Some statements
72
Atmosphere effect
Rate a conclusion as valid when the qualifying word in the premise match those in the conclusion
72
belief bias
tendency to think a syllogism is valid if the conclusions are believable
72
What are the three aspects of problem solving?
recognizing and representing problem analyzing and solving assessing solution's effectiveness and storing it
73
What are the two types of problems?
Well-defined problems->unambiguous and task constraints ill-defined problems->ambiguous, multiple solutions
74
What are different strategies to navigate a problem space?
Brute force->process all possible steps (combinatorial explosion) Trial and error->not good when different solutions Hill climbing Means end analysis->reevaluate the goal with sub goals
75
WHat are the steps of analogical problem solving
Notice a relationship between target and source problem Map the correspondence Apply the mapping -->structural similarity is more important than surface similarity
76
Einstellung effect
bias to use familiar methods to solve a problem->cognitive trap
77
What are the two main typed of fixedness?
Functional fixedness->not being able to see past the known function of object (two-string problem, candle problem) Mental Fixedness->overusing mental sets (waterjug problem)
78
What are the four features of insight?
Ease, suddenness, confidence, positive
79
Review intelligence testing
Simon-Binet test Standford-Binet test Wechsler tests Raven's progressive matrices
80
The Flynn effect
Americans’ IQ scores increased 3 points per decade over 100 years -->education, complexity and health
81
Review theory of intelligence
Spearman's two factor theory Cattell and Horn theory Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence Sternberg's theory of intelligence
82
What's the link between mood and thinking?
Positive mood->assimilative thinking, more susceptibility to misinformation negative mood->focused thinking

PSYC213 (1 decks)

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