Final

Question 1

Ways to define urban

Answer 1

-Number of human inhabitants
-Density
-% developed land
-Landscape morphology
-Function

Question 2

Why study urban ecology

Answer 2

-Urbanization
-Impose selection pressures
-Intertwined with cities and the life within cities
-Cities make replication more facile

Question 3

Development patterns

Answer 3

-Verticality
-Geography
-History

Question 4

Factors that shape urbanization

Answer 4

-Topography
-Water courses
-SES

Question 5

Urban-to-rural gradient

Answer 5

A transect used to detect patterns associated with land use change

Question 6

Transect

Answer 6

A straight line of land area going from urban to rural

Question 7

Urban core landcover

Answer 7

Concrete, asphalt, glass, metal and less green cover

Question 8

Rural fringe

Answer 8

less anthropogenic materials and more green cover

Question 9

Urban Heat Island Effect

Answer 9

Urban areas are warmer than surrounding areas

Question 10

Albedo

Answer 10

The ratio of solar radiation that is reflected off a surface back into the environment vs. what hits the surface

Question 11

Thermal inertia

Answer 11

How much a material retains heat

Question 12

Asphalt has a…

Answer 12

low albedo meaning it absorbs more heat and large thermal inertia meaning it holds onto heat for a long time

Question 13

Vegetation and UHIE

Answer 13

-Shades
-Evapotranspiration`

Question 14

Urban core

Answer 14

Taller structures, which can trap heat and block wind

Question 15

Cities generate new heat

Answer 15

Electricity, HVAC, transportation

Question 16

Periods of largest UHIE

Answer 16

-Evening because surfaces hold on to heat and the city continues to emit heat
-When winds are weak
-Winter

Question 17

Mitigating urban heating

Answer 17

-energy efficiency
-Urban planning green spaces
-Green roofs/walls
-Changing color of dark surfaces to lighter
-Solar energy

Question 18

UHIE impact on global warming

Answer 18

It doesn’t really, its more on a local scale but that doesn’t mean that what is happening within cities isn’t impacting global warming

Question 19

UHIE impact on species

Answer 19

Can lead to rapid evolution

Question 20

Soil creation

Answer 20

Bedrock erosion and decomposition of organic material which is eventually stratified into soil layers, the soil horizon

Question 21

Urban soil

Answer 21

more compacted
-from machinery
-desire paths
highly engineered
contaminated from industrial

Question 22

Urban fill

Answer 22

Material that is made up of trash

Question 23

Brownfield

Answer 23

properties with contaminated soil

Question 24

Superfund site

Answer 24

Very high levels of known toxins

Question 25

Rain in urban environments

Answer 25

With more impervious surface there is more runoff since there is less infiltration

Question 26

Urban stormwater

Answer 26

With more impervious surface, the stormwater system can get overwhelmed leading to flooding and flashiness

Question 27

Hydrograph

Answer 27

Discharge of water over time -Urban is more flashy and peak discharge earlier and greater

Question 28

Stormwater

Answer 28

Includes sediment, trash, nutrients, biologicals, car shit - 6PPD-quinone

Question 29

Water bodies

Answer 29

Help deal with stormwater runoff -retention ponds -swales -rain garder -biofilter cells

Question 30

Restoring hydrology in Urban areas

Answer 30

-Daylighting -Stream channel restoration -Bioswale/raingarden

Question 31

Habitat in cities

Answer 31

-Unintentional creation of habitat -Preservation of residual native habitat or restoration -Park planning for people

Question 32

Weedy species

Answer 32

-rapid reproduction -good at dispersal -adaptability -Good competitors

Question 33

Urban food webs

Answer 33

-tend to be less species rich and simpler -Susceptible to killing off small mammals which can disrupt whole food web

Question 34

Edge habitats

Answer 34

Larger the area the less proportion is made up by edge habitat

Question 35

Cities are good for island biogeography

Question 36

Ecological trap

Answer 36

a habitat that is appealing for organisms but low quality

Question 37

Evolution

Answer 37

change in allele frequencies in a population over time or better: heritable change in one or more attributes in a population or species from one generation to the next

Question 38

Mechanisms of evolution

Answer 38

1. natural selection 2. genetic drift 3. gene flow 4. mutation

Question 39

Natural selection

Answer 39

leads to allele change over time by certain individuals surviving and passing on traits due to better survival

Question 40

Natural selection conditions

Answer 40

1. Variation 2. Fitness advantage over others 3. Survival and reproduction is not random 4. Variation is heritable

Question 41

Stabilizing selection

Answer 41

natural selection selects for median trait

Question 42

Directional selection

Answer 42

natural selection selects for higher or lower trait values

Question 43

Disruptive selection

Answer 43

natural selection selects for both extreme trait values

Question 44

Genetic drift

Answer 44

allele frequencies fluctuate as a result of random chance

Question 45

Gene flow depends on

Answer 45

-urbanization levels -habitat use -resource availability -movement ability

Question 45

Gene flow

Answer 45

exchange of alleles between populations as a result of successful reproduction by migrants

Question 46

Mutation

Answer 46

random change in DNA can lead to a new allele

Question 47

Evolution vs plasticity

Answer 47

-Average fitness of a population increases -Plastic changes are not heritable

Question 48

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 48

single genotype can produce multiple phenotypes in response to environment

Question 49

Common garden experiment

Answer 49

Distinguishing evolution and plastic traits

Question 50

Reciprocal transplant

Answer 50

Just as sounds and see fitness

Question 51

Mutation rates in urban environments

Answer 51

Higher in polluted areas which can produce favorable mutations

Question 52

PCBs and tomcods

Answer 52

Led to mutation that does not bind PCBs well independently in the sites where it is prevalent

Question 53

Different behaviors in urban species

Answer 53

Mice faster to solve stuff if living with us longer

Question 54

FID

Answer 54

Shorter in urban

Question 55

Behavioral economics

Answer 55

Tradeoffs for not flying away vs flying off

Question 56

Predator-prey interactions

Answer 56

Outdoor cats and prey

Question 57

COVID and Birdsong

Answer 57

Birdsong returned to normal during covid with less road noise