Final

Question 1

Pupil

Answer 1

opening in the center of the eye that allows light to pass through

Question 2

Lens

Answer 2

focuses light on the retina (adjustable)

Question 3

Cornea

Answer 3

focuses light on the retina (not adjustable)

Question 4

Retina

Answer 4

back surface of the eye that is lined by photoreceptors
-light from above strikes bottom and light from below strikes top
-light from left strikes right and vice versa

Question 5

Rods

Answer 5

Periphery of retina, sensitivity/contrast/movement, night vision

Question 6

Cones

Answer 6

Area centralis, acuity, color vision

Question 7

Different breeds and different eye shapes

Answer 7

Sight hounds have more retinal ganglion cells, giving a wider field of vision. Brachycephalic dogs have centralized concentration of retinal cells, giving more detailed vision but narrower field.

Question 8

Are dogs colorblind?

Answer 8

No, they are dichromats (only have two types of cones, one is sensitive to bluish purple and one sensitive to greenish yellow

Question 9

Dogs have better peripheral vision due to…

Answer 9

a larger number of rods and less stereoscopic/binocular vision (area in which eyes overlap)

Question 10

Flicker-fusion rate

Answer 10

number of “snapshots” of world eyes take every second (60 cycles/s humans, 70-80 cycles/s)

Question 11

Lenticular (nuclear) sclerosis

Answer 11

age-related change in density of crystalline lens (common in older dogs)

Question 12

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)

Answer 12

usually affects rods initially and then cones in later stages, affect dogs are nightblind and later daytime vision also fails

Question 13

Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)

Answer 13

defect in eye formation, single recessive gene, small percentage will have detached retinas an be blind

Question 14

CERF

Answer 14

Canine Eye Registration Foundation, registers those dog’s certified free of heritable eye disease by board certified Veterinary Ophthalmologists (A.C.V.O)

Question 15

SARDS

Answer 15

Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome, one of the leading causes of incurable canine vision loss; sudden blindness with polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and recent weight gain, cause is widespread loss of function of photoreceptors in the retina

Question 16

Otoscope

Answer 16

used to investigate ear

Question 17

Why is a wet nose beneficial?

Answer 17

Air hits wet nose and odors stick to this

Question 18

Inspired air…

Answer 18

…enters and is sent to the olfactory or respiratory tract

Question 19

Inspiration: split between olfaction and lungs

Answer 19

12-13% goes to olfaction, the remaining to the lungs

Question 20

Left nostril

Answer 20

familiar, non-aversive odors

Question 21

Right nostril

Answer 21

first sniffs; novel, threatening, or arousing (adrenaline)

Question 22

Olfactory receptors

Answer 22

Live for 30-60 days and then regenerate

Question 23

Type of cell that grows as a replacement depends on environment

Answer 23

Training, genetics, changes in health

Question 24

Impacts

Answer 24

Almost always needs to be in the gaseous phase, previous exposure to an odorant, contamination

Question 25

Causes of contamination

Answer 25

Mishandling samples, trail of odor, residual odor, cross-contamination (birch, anise, and clove stored together caused contamination after one week)

Question 26

Impacts (medication)

Answer 26

metronidazole decreased the ability of explosive detection dogs, steroids cause change in threshold

Question 27

Odors affected by

Answer 27

temperature, surface area, vapor pressure, dilution/mixture

Question 28

Training aids

Answer 28

Pseudos do not perform as the actual odorant

Question 29

What can dogs detect?

Answer 29

diabetes, cadavers, drugs, electronic storage devices, accelerants, currency, fruits, explosives

Question 30

Pet first aid supplies checklist

Answer 30

Gauze; nonstick bandages, towels, or strips of clean cloth; adhesive tape, milk of magnesia or activated charcoal; hydrogen peroxide (3%); digital thermometer; eye dropper (or large syringe without needle; muzzle; leash; stretcher

Question 31

Handling an injured pet

Answer 31

Do not assume that even a gentle pet won't bite if it's injured, place a muzzle IF your pet is not vomiting, perform exam slowly and gently, stabilize injuries and transport gently

Question 32

External bleeding

Answer 32

Keep pressure over the wound minimum of three minutes, bandage, if bleeding is severe then apply a tourniquet (label time/date of tourniquet placement and take to a veterinarian immediately)

Question 33

Internal bleeding

Answer 33

Symptoms: bleeding from nose, mouth, rectum, coughing up blood, blood in urine, pale gums, collapse, weak and rapid pulse. Keep animal warm and quiet and transport immediately to a veterinarian

Question 34

Shock

Answer 34

Symptoms: weak pulse, shallow breathing, nervousness, dazed eyes; usually follows severe injury or extreme fright; keep animal warm, restrained, and quiet; if animal is unconscious, keep head level with rest of body; transport immediately to a veterinarian

Question 35

Seizures

Answer 35

Keep your pet away from any objects (including furniture) that might hurt it. Don't try to restrain; time the seizure (usually 2-3 minutes); after seizure has stopped, keep pet warm and quiet and contact veterinarian

Question 36

Heatstroke

Answer 36

Place a cool or cold, wet towel around its neck and head; remove the towel, wring it out, and rewet it and rewrap it every few minutes; pour or use a hose to keep water running over the body (especially the abdomen and between the hind legs), use your hands to massage it legs and sweep the water away as it absorbs the body heat; transport to a veterinarian as soon as possible

Question 37

Choking symtoms

Answer 37

difficulty breathing, excessive pawing at the mouth; choking sounds when breathing, blue-tinged lips/tongue

Question 38

Choking response

Answer 38

look into the mouth to see if a foreign object is visible (if you see an object, gently try to remove it with pliers or tweezers); if you can't remove the object and your pet collapses, place both hands on the side of your pet's rib cage and apply firm quick pressure, or lay your pet on its side and strike the rib cage firmly with the palm of your hand 3-4 times

Question 39

CPR protocol

Answer 39

place dog on right side, check for breathing and heartbeat, extend neck and make sure airway is open, hold mouth and lips shut and breath into nostrils, watch for chest expansion, if none then clear airway and try again

Question 40

CPR protocol part II

Answer 40

kneel so knees touch dogs back, place heel of your hand where dogs elbow touches chest, place other hand on top, begin to deliver 15 compressions in 10 seconds, after 15- give 1 breath, ad abdominal squeeze, repeat

Question 41

Heart rate

Answer 41

Puppies: 70-220 beats/minute Dogs: 70-180 beats/minute Toy breeds: 70-220 beats/minute

Question 42

Rectal temperature

Answer 42

100.5-102.5 F

Question 43

Respiratory rate

Answer 43

Observe chest motion or place wet finer over the nares, count rate for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 Puppies: 15-40 breaths/minute Dogs: 10-30 breaths/minute Toy breeds: normal rate 15-40 breaths/minute Panting: up to 200 breaths/minute

Question 44

Designing a first aid class

Answer 44

CPR and rescue breathing, how to check vital signs, how to control bleeding, handling and restraining and injured pet, how to induce vomiting (and when not to), what to do for bite wounds, recognizing and treating heatstroke and frostbite, how to prevent and treat poisoning, what to do for burns, choking, diarrhea, broken bone, seizures, shock, and vomiting