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final Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones act two ways: water soluble and lipid soluble. Describe them.

A

Water soluble= cannot enter the cell (must use second messengers)
Lipid soluble= enters the cell without problems

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2
Q

What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary lobe? Where specifically are they stored?

A

Oxytocin + ADH

Stored in the axon terminals ready to go

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3
Q

What is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

A

Stimulates milk production

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4
Q

What hormones are stored in the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin hormone

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5
Q

What hormone do parathyroid cell release? When are they secreted?

A

Parathyroid hormone; secreted when calcium is too low

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6
Q

The adrenal gland secrete aldosterone, what function does this have?

A

Stimulate sodium reabsorption by the kidneys (to regulate BP, and make it rise)

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7
Q

What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete? Beta cells?

A

Glucagon; insulin

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8
Q

What is the function of glycogenolysis?

A

(Raise blood sugars) Break down glucagon into glucose, synthesize glucose with lactic acid + noncarbohydrates, release the glucose into the blood steam

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9
Q

What is the function of estrogen?

A

To mature the reproductive organs, and secondary sexual characteristics

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10
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Produced by the testes will mature male organs, sperm production, and sex drive

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11
Q

What is the main function of blood?

A

To transport oxygen

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12
Q

Define hematocrit

A

The percent volume of blood composed of RBCs

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13
Q

Define alpha/beta globulins present in the blood plasma. Define gamma globulins.

A

Alpha/beta = produced by the liver, transport proteins to bind to the lipids
Gamma = antibodies released by plasma during an immune response

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14
Q

Define the function of erythropoietin (EPO).

A

EPO is stimulates the formation of RBCs, it is released by the kidneys

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15
Q

What is blood doping?

A

The removal, storage, and reinfusal of RBCs to increase oxygen levels for stamina

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16
Q

Define the function of neutrophils.

A

Are phagocytic, arrive first on the scene, are the most numerous in the blood

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17
Q

Define the function of eosinophils.

A

Made for worm parasites, digest worm surfaces through grain enzymes

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18
Q

Define the function of basophils.

A

They release histomine which cause swelling to avoid bacteria from infecting

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19
Q

There are two kinds of lymphocytes, T cells and B cells. What function are the B cells?

A

Upon interaction they make new antibodies

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20
Q

Describe the function of monocytes.

A

Undergo phagocytosis

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21
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are cell fragments of larger megakaryocytes

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22
Q

What does it mean if you are Rh-?

A

You have been exposed to the presence of a D antigen (these antigens aren’t made until you come into contact with + blood), these people should only receive blood that’re Rh-

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23
Q

Which blood group are universal donors? Which are universal recipients?

A

O negative; AB blood

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24
Q

What is the positive result for blood typing?

A

When blood does not clump

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25
Vessels going away from the heart are ____, vessels going towards the heart are ____.
Arteries; veins
26
What is the fossa ovalis in the heart?
The remnant of foremen ovale of a fetal heart (closes after brith)
27
The right ventricle pumps into the ____, the left ventricle pumps into the ____.
Pulmonary trunk; the aorta
28
The tricuspid valve is on the _____, the mitral valve is on the ___.
Right AV, Left AV
29
Are there gap junctions between cells in skeletal muscle? In cardiac muscle?
No because they function as a unit; yes because the gaps create a functional syncytium (joining of 2+ cells)
30
What is the sequence of excitation?
1. SA node generates impulse 2. AV node delays the impulse 3. the AV bundle contents the atria to the ventricles 4. The bundle branches conduct impulses through the interventricular septum 5. The purkinje fibers depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles
31
What occurs at the p wave? What occurs at the QRS complex? What occurs at the t wave?
P-wave = atrial depolarization QRS-complex = Q av node delays signal, R ventricular depolarization, S contraction is complete T-wave = ventricular repolarization
32
What is the stroke volume?
The volume of blood that is pumped with each beat of the heart
33
What’re lactiles in the lymphatic system?
They take lipids and move them across the lymphatic system to the heart
34
In the larger lymphatic vessels, what is the function of the thoracic duct?
To drain the rest of the body
35
What’re lymphoid follicles?
They’re located in the germinal center, they’re tightly packed lymphoid cells and they proliferate b-cells
36
What’re your primary lymph organs? Your secondary lymph organs?
Thymus + red bone marrow; Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, Peyer patches, appendix
37
What’re the functions of the spleen?
1. House lymphocyte proliferation + immune surveillance 2. Cleanse body of old RBCs and platelets 3. Store RBC breakdown for reuse 4. Store platelets + monocytes 5. Site for fetal RBC production
38
What’re the MALT organs?
Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix
39
What is the function of the tonsils? The Peyer’s patches? The appendix?
Tonsils = gather and remove pathogens from the air Peyer patches = align in small intestines Appendix = destroy bacteria and prevent breaching of intestine, make memory lymphocytes
40
The thymus has _____ so there is no _____. Its stroma is made of ___.
No follicules; B cells; epithelial cells
41
What is the innate defenses? The adaptive defenses?
Innate = surface barriers, and internal defenses Adaptive = providing immunity (takes longer) , B cells and T cells
42
Summarize phagocytosis
1. Phagocyte adheres to pathogen via receptors 2. Phagocyte forms pseudopods that engulf particles 3. Lysosome fuses with vesicle 4. Lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens 5. Exocytosis of vesicle removes residual material
43
define opsinization
The immune system will attach to capsule and create a “handle” to grab onto
44
Define helper t-cells
Trigger respiratory burst in macrophages (via free radicals, oxidizing chemicals, high ph, high osmolarity)
45
What is the function of natural killer cells?
Non phagocytic, they’re the “police”, attach to cells for apoptosis and they kill cancer cells +virus infected cells
46
What is the function of an inflammatory response? What’re the four signs of it?
Localized inflammatory to prevent the spread of pathogens Redness, pain, swelling, heat
47
Summarize the 3 stages of inflammatory response
1. Histamine is released, cytokines attract phagocytes to the area 2. Vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow, exudates leak into the tissue that contain antibodies and blood clotting factors 3. Leukocytes are increased
48
Define the two kinds of antimicrobial proteins.
Interferon = “warning system” released as a method of preparation (antiviral proteins produced) Complement = groups of protein that destroy bacteria
49
From a fever, describe pyrogens.
Cells can change temperature either that of the body or just localized
50
Define antigens
Mobilize adaptive defense, they’re the “target” of the immune response
51
Summarize the adaptive defense mechanism
1. B and T cells originate in bone marrow 2. T cells mature in the thymus, B cells mature in the bone marrow; here they develop immune competence and self tolerance 3. Naive lymphocytes leave location and “seed” through lymph organs while circulating 4. Lymphocyte encounters antigen, and lymphocyte is activated 5. Proliferation into memory cells and effector cells, circulate continuously
52
What may B cells become?
Plasma or memory cells
53
What is an example of passive + natural antibodies?
(No memory cells) antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus through birth and breast milk
54
Define the antibody IgG
The largest class of antibodies
55
CD8 cells bind to ____ and become ____
Class I MHC; Cytotoxic T cells, become bounty hunters for life
56
Define cytokines
They’re the chemical messengers of the immune system
57
CD4 cells bind to _____ and become ___
Class II MHC proteins; Helper cells/ regulatory cells
58
Define helper T cells
They activate and recruite the immune system to get a job done
59
Define the tunica media of a blood vessel
The middle muscle layer, conducts vasoconstriction or vasodilation, the bulkiest layer made of mostly elastin
60
What is the function of capillaries?
To exchange gasses and hormones between the blood and interstitial fluid
61
Define a sinusoidal capillary type
Allows blood to flow into an area slowly (liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal medulla) They have the largest clefts/fenestrations, “Swiss cheese”
62
Summarize BP as they pass through the systemic circuit
Continuously lowers, highest at aorta and lowest at vena cavae
63
Friction rises with greater ___,____,___
Viscosity, vessel length, vessel diameter
64
If the change of pressure is greater, blood flow ____
Speeds up
65
If the change in resistance is greater, blood flow ____
Slows down
66
Identify the function of norepinephrine on blood
Increase cardiac output and vaso constriction
67
Identify the function of angiotensin II on blood
Stimulates vasoconstriction
68
Identify the function of ADH on blood
Cause vasoconstriction
69
Identify the function of atrial natriuretic peptide
To decrease BP
70
At capillary exchange, the velocity of blood flow is ____
The slowest
71
Define colloid osmotic pressure
Using proteins to make water move across
72
What is the net fluid movement at the arteriolar end of a capillary? At the venous end?
Net is going out (filtration), which is good because it’s “taking out the trash” Net is going in (reabsorption), which is good because the lymph system is preventing swelling
73
Where is the carina of trachea? *know anatomy*
It separates the bronchus
74
What is the larynx?
Designated air way, voice production box
75
What is the trachea?
A flexible pipe that adjusts to needs, supported by ring like structure and contracts during cough
76
What’re the type 1 cells in the respiratory membrane? Type 2?
Type 1 = simple squamous epithelium Type 2 = secretes surfactant (breaks surface tension) and antimicrobial proteins
77
Does the respiratory membrane have a fused basement membrane?
Yes
78
Define intraplural pressure
Pressure in the pleural cavity, prevents lung collapse Lung has natural tendency to recoil, also has surface tension on alveoli to reduce its size
79
Define boyle’s law
Volume changes with pressure
80
Summarize the sequence of events in inspiration
1. Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage rises) 2. Thoracic cavity volume increase 3. Lungs are stretched, intrapulmonary volume increases
81
*ventilation graph* Identify IRV, TV, ERV,RV
Top to bottom
82
Define Dalton’s law
The total pressure of mixture equals the sum of each partial pressure
83
Define Henry’s law
When gas touches liquid, some gas’s dissolve easily due to pressure/temp
84
What changes the structure of hemoglobin?
Temp, pH, BPG
85
Bicarbonate ions are ___ so they do not release many hydrogen protons
Weak
86
Define chlorine shift
An outrush of bicarbonate ions is balanced with large influx of chlorine
87
H2CO3 forms
Bicarbonate acid
88
Slow shallow breath induce ___ co2, ___ ph, ____ environment
High, low, acidic
89
Rapid deep breath induce ___ co2, ___ph, ___ environment
Low, high, basic
90
What is the role of the messentry in the abdominal cavity?
To hold organs in place and provide a route for vessels to go through
91
*picture* label the mucosa, submucosa, muscular is externa, serosa
Inside towards out
92
What does the hepatic portal circulation do?
Moves nutrient rich cells from the organs to the liver to make “human protein”
93
What is the function of amylase?
Breaks carbs into simple sugars
94
What does the stomach make of bolus?
Chyme
95
What do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?
They make hydrochloric acid for sterilization, glycoprotein to absorb B12, activate the make for pepsin
96
What do chief cells make in the stomach?
Make pepsinogen and lipase (that digest lipids through the blood stream)
97
What is the function of the liver?
To detoxify, monitor pathogens, and recycle RBCs Everything from the digestive system is processed in the liver It emulsifies fats, and bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum
98
Define the function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter
To open into the duodenum
99

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