final Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
industrialization
A
segregation of work from private life
2
Q
Secularization
A
non-religious, disassociating something from religious ties
3
Q
Marxian theory
A
Opium of the people - religion acts strictly to keep those who are lower in society there (“dulls the pain and discontent of the oppressed masses”)
Religion continues the hierarchy between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
4
Q
Durkheimian theory
A
Idea of the profane vs the sacred: Profane is the ordinary everyday acts in life removed from religion, while sacred is the rituals, symbols, and other special parts of life that are separate.
5
Q
Weberian theory
A
practiced in the early US supported the development of capitalism
6
Q
Rise of science
A
industrialization and enlightenment
7
Q
Urbanization
A
growth of cities and movement of people from suburbs/rural areas into these cities
8
Q
Temporalization
A
Making everything efficient, Creation of time zones, providing a standardization of life
9
Q
Enlightenment
A
rise of science and rationalization (less religious influence, people look to scientific explanations)
10
Q
Bureaucracy
A
system of government in which power is distributed
11
Q
Bureaucratization
A
the creation of different social roles based on separation of powers, organization of society and standardization of interaction with government
12
Q
Archivization
A
record keeping of birth and death, previously only the church had kept this information but now it was the government)
predictability, efficiency, calculability, control over uncertainty, substitution of humans
13
Q
Deinstitutionalization (Rise of Individualism)
A
In traditional societies, the Background (taken for granted) is LARGER.
In modernity, the background is smaller and the foreground is expanded as we transition from habit to choice
The private sphere gets deinstitutionalized (marriage, religion, identity, family) and the public sphere gets institutionalized
14
Q
Cultural pluralism
A
most societies in the past were homogenous and isolated, but after modernity, different cultures came into contact and facilitated conflict
15
Q
Structural pluralism
A
a division of public vs private comes with modernity
16
Q
Public sphere
A
(world of work): government, law, healthcare, military
17
Q
Private sphere
A
(world of domesticity): family, religion, sexuality, friendships
18
Q
Coleman:
Before modernity
A
identity was rooted institutionally/environmentally. No choice of reflection
Family
natural persons
All social organizations organized of persons
19
Q
Coleman:
after modernity:
A
identity is flexible, no longer deeply institutionalized and fixed
Corporate structure
Corporations as a legal person
Not anymore organized of persons
Irrelevance of persons (easily replaceable)
Asymmetry of power between the corporate actor and the person
20
Q
Hunter: Wither Adulthood
A
Childhood and adolescence appear as distinct periods of life only after modernity
Causes: the decline of infant mortality, separation of work/domesticity, industrialization and surplus economy
Adulthood gets deinstitutionalized and postponed
Took a long time for child labor to be eradicated and for young people to go to school and get educated
Children are seen as assets to the economy + concept of adolescence driven by industrialization
Life was organized around religious milestones (baptism, marriage, death) before modernity, but modernity ended the secularization of childhood and life
21
Q
Social Stratification:
A
the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society in terms of their access to material and symbolic rewards
22
Q
Intersectionality
A
a sociological perspective that holds that our multiple group memberships affect our lives in distinct ways from single group memberships. (ex: how race and gender can affect your life differently)
Someone can be undocumented, a woman, and a POC resulting in a combination of identities
I.e. separation between members within a group
23
Q
Structured inequalities
A
social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure
24
Q
System of Stratification:
A
Systems in which it describes the social grouping of people, can involve Caste systems, class systems, estate systems, and slavery.
25
Slavery
Social system in which humans are owned by other humans (largely racially-based)
26
Caste
A social system in which one’s social status is held for life. (divided based on religious and cultural norms, also socioeconomic status)
27
Class system
a system of social hierarchy that allows individuals to move among classes. The four chief bases of class are ownership of wealth, occupation, income, and education
28
Marxian Theory:
the structure of capitalism inherently creates divisions in class that are not equal (Most important thing is remembering the difference between bourgeoisie and proletariat)
29
Means of production
the means whereby the production of material goods is carried on in a society including not just technology but also the social relations between producers
30
Bourgeoisie
people who own companies, land, stocks, and use them to create economic returns - the upper class created by capitalism, Marx predicts that they will be overthrown by the proletariat.
31
Proletariat
people who sell their labor for wages - according to Marx, the proletariat are the lower class people in a capitalist society that will eventually rise up against the bourgeoisie and implement communism, creating a classless society
32
Alienation
: sense that our own abilities as human beings are taken over by other entities
Part of a larger machine
You work for a car company but you are only responsible for a single part, so you are alienated from the final product
33
Communism
economic theory wherein the state controllers the means of production as well as all of the wealth in society, creating a society devoid of class divides. Outlined by Marx and Engels, the idea of communism strives to eliminate the inequities created by capitalism.
34
Weberian theory
Society is broken into economic, social, and legal groups
Class and status
Status: the social honor or prestige a particular group is accorded by other members of society
Pariah groups: groups who suffer from negative status discrimination
35
Class & Status
Groups of people who have a similar economic and financial status, grouped into three different groups.
36
Forms of orders
Social order: distribution of honor (status)
Economic order: distribution of economic resources (class)
Legal order: distribution of power (party)
37
Economic capital
Economic resources
The material wealth and financial assets owned by individuals or families
38
Social capital
Membership in a group, family, political party, etc
We invest in relationships and spend time making meaningful connections
Social connections, which could be institutionalized into titles
39
Pierre Bourdieu
Cultural capital: Embodied
Acquiring skills to better themselves (gaining muscles)
Cannot transfer embodied capital
Always competition
40
Cultural capital:Institutionalized
Objectified in academic qualifications
Wanting to get the best value of education
41
PierreBourdieu Cultural capital:Objectified
Material things (art, monuments, instruments)
You can possess them or appropriate them (buy or consume)
42
Social Reproduction:
Non Economic cultural resources or knowledge that parents pass down to children
Linguistic and cultural competencies, familiarity with culture (accents)
Education and acquired Habitus (physical build)
43
Arlie Russell Hochschild: Gendered Inequalities in Families, Division of Household Labor
Explaining the great paradox
The Deep Story
Dislike of federal government: faith, taxes, loss of honor
Appreciated qualities: endurance, not claiming to be a victim, honor of hard work, American dream, loyalty
Resentment: Feeling betrayed → Downward mobility
Waiting in the line and line cutters: Those who feel like immigrants and other marginalized groups receive government handouts that act as “unfair advantages”, allowing them to cut the line
44
Barbara Ehrenreich: Nickel and Dimed
Focus on the working class poor and the cycle of poverty
Working class poor = no health care, inflexible work schedules, income varies from week to week
Barbara tried to survive on these low-wage jobs (1998)
The program was created to push people to work and get off of welfare
She worked as a hotel cleaner, motel worker, maid and found it very hard to survive
45
Race:
socially constructed category rooted in the belief that there are fundamental differences among humans, associated with phenotype and ancestry
Other attributes exist outside of skin color, physical characteristics, names
Remember melting pot
46
Ethnicity
Cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others
47
Orlando Patterson: Patterson (in Natal Alienation)
claims that a slave is a non-person that is detached from their lineage. With no belonging to a certain social order, a master would be the only social link to the outside world.
48
Color-Blind Racism
(Bonilla-Silva): racism without racists, pretending not to notice race as a “strategy” to end racism (erasure of trauma and struggle and the fact that POC have it harder than White people)
49
Peggy McIntosh
Invisible Knapsack - piece by McIntosh - whites are seen as oppressive even though they don’t think of themselves as such, there’s things white people take for granted
Earned strength and unearned power/advantages - some privileges should be a given
50
White privilege
the unacknowledged and unearned assets that benefit whites in their everyday lives
51
Institutional Racism
Racism that is inherent in the structure of society.
The idea that racism occurs through the respected and established institutions of society (schools, prisons, etc) rather than through the hateful actions of some bad people, power structures, can be proceduralized
52
Michelle Alexander:The analogy of the cage
People tend to believe that there is a door that is always left open and that “those in the cage” would not be trapped if they simply chose not to engage in the acts that put them in the cage
53
Michelle Alexander
: The war on drugs as vehicle
Unequal amount of people of color are stopped and pulled over
Going to prison at unequal rates
Always seen as a prisoner, invisible punishment, unable to get a job
54
Michelle Alexander: Historical parallels with Jim Crow
GI bill, redlining housing discrimination, and criminal justice systems are all institutions that are racially biased
55
Systemic Racism
racism that is embedded into the system to favor white people and discriminate against minority populations
It’s so embedded into a particular system that it becomes a part of the system (the system itself is favoring white people and discriminating)
56
Dubois
one of the most influential sociologists, unpacked sociological framework of institutional racism
Double consciousness & Veil: double consciousness is when you are aware of your identity within your identity. For example: African Americans are aware that they are American, but within that they are conscious that they are black. They know how them being black affects their American identity
The Philadelphia Negro: Dubois’ study of the Seventh Ward of Philadelphia
57
Karida Brown
How did desegregation transform the meaning of being Black in America?
Brown v. Board of Education transformed American imagination by creating the possibility for Black Americans to fight for their places within school system
NAACP lawyers argued that “equal” facilities referred to in the “separate but equal” doctrine did not exist, thus paving the way for more equal rights advocacy for Black Americans in education
Paternalistic capitalism and the coal industry
Creation of model towns and docile bodies
Unionization threat and surveillance
Racial contract and social engineering
The great migration
Consider the circumstances under which they migrated from the South
Inability to pass on origin stories
Attempt to break with the history of slavery
58
Feminist theory
A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and women's place in it
59
Sex:
The biological and anatomical differences distinguishing males and females usually designated by the chromosome makeup of the individual
60
Gender
Social expectation of appropriate behavior for members of each sex. Refers to social formed traits of masculinity and femininity, not simply distinguishing physical attributes
61
Gender role of socialization
Learning gender roles as a result of social factors such as family, school, media, etc
62
Social construction of gender:
Learning of gender roles as a result of socialization
63
Hegemonic masculinity
Social norms dictating that men should be strong, self-reliant, and unemotional
64
Gender inequality
The inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status.
65
Division of Household Labor
How has society changed?
Mothers enter the workforce
What's contributing to these changes?
Depression of the male dollars
Deindustrialization
Decline in unions
Increasing cost of living
Culturals understanding of gender was not keeping up with the changes in the workforce
The stalled revolution
Why are these changes consequential?
The second shift
“Just as there is a wage gap between men and women in the workplace, there is a "leisure gap" between them at home. Most women work one shift at the office or factory and a "second shift“ at home.”
Marital trouble
What's contributing to these changes?
The stalled revolution
Why are these changes consequential?
Marital trouble as a social phenomenon and not an individual problem.
66
Traditional gender strategy
men did less than ⅓ of the work at home, pure traditional woman’s identity is at home, wants man to be at work
67
Transitional gender strategy
between traditional and egalitarian - women wants to identity both at work and at home, but man only at work, men do less than half work at home, more than 1/3
68
Egalitarian gender strategy
equal power, both hold balance
69
family myth
Is created when reality contradicts a family’s gender ideology.
the presumption that evey family member is compatible, possesses the same goals and loves one another.
70
Practice of Preschools
Where we are put into groups and treated based on gender. (i.e. a girl being told that they need to be quiet and use their inside voices while the boys are able to yell)
71
Hidden curriculum
hidden school of curriculum of disciplining the body is gendered and contributes to the embodiment of gender in childhood, making gendered bodies appear and feel natural
72
Five sets of practices (Karin A. Martin: Becoming a Gendered Body)
Dressing up
Permitting relaxed behaviors (boys) or requiring formal behaviors (girls)
Controlling voices (girls need to keep voices down, boys can be loud)
Verbal and physical instructions regarding children’s bodies by teachers (boys get more instructions, but girls obey more)
Physical interactions among children
73
Hochschild & The Second Shift
most women work one shift at the office or factory and a “second shift” at home, the “leisure gap” between men and women at home (just as there is a “wage gap” between men and women in the workplace)
74
Influence of modernity:
Family
Before:
In antiquity: survival, procreation, endogamy, pragmatic and economic reasons.
After Christianity: self-denial, “courtly love” in the middle ages.
After reformation: adultery is rebuked, combination of “courtly love” from the middle ages + marriage exclusivity = monogamous marriages implying love
family before modernity was more institutionalized. the idea of a family-based economy describes how everyone in the family worked to some degree and there wasn’t a specific distinction made between family and society
75
After Modernity:Family
Mate selection and private sphere gets deinstitutionalized
Family moves into the “foreground”
Adapted to capitalism and capitalist market
Marriage becomes an option
Extended vs nuclear families
Affective individualism: the belief in romantic attachment as a basis for contracting marriage ties
Pure relationship
Marriage is trying to combine all: friendship, love, economics, procreation, emotions
76
Family
a group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption, who form an economic unit, the adult members of which are responsible for the upbringing of children
77
Kinship
a relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption
78
Marriage
a socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals
79
Monogamy
the practice or state of being married to one person at a time
80
Polygamy
a form of marriage in which a person may have two or more spouses simultaneously
81
Polygyny:
a form of marriage in which a man may simultaneously have two or more wives
82
Polyandry
a form of marriage in which a woman may simultaneously have two or more husbands
Before modernity, marriage was only between one man and one woman
After, different relationship dynamics emerged
83
Primary socialization
socialization from infancy to early childhood, social process where children develop awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self
84
Personality stabilization
the role that family plays in assisting its adult members emotionally
85
Global migration
Migratory movements
86
Immigration
Moving to another country to settle one’s life
87
Emigration
Leaving one's country of origin
88
The Classic Model:
A country encourages immigration and promises citizenship to newcomers (restrictions and quotas apply). This applies to countries like Canada, the United States, and Australia
89
The colonial model
A country grants preferences to immigrants from former colonies. This applies to countries like England and France
90
The guest workers model
Immigrants are admitted on a temporary basis, but they do not receive citizenship rights, even after a long period of settlement. This applies to countries like Belgium, Switzerland, and Germany
91
Illegal models of immigration
Immigrants who enter a country either secretly or under a nonimmigrant pretense often live illegally, outside the realm of official society.
92
Push & Pull (example)
Push factors: Factors that push you out of a country (poor economic opportunity in country of origin, war)
Pull factors: Factors that pull you to another country (economic opportunity, safety)
93
Macro & micro (example):
Macro level: explains broad patterns of migration by measuring characteristics of the socioeconomic and physical environments
Germany needed a labor force and invited the Turks to work in Germany
Micro level: networks and cultures of migration AND explains why individual people move, using a model of psychological decision-making processes
Enrique’s journey: parents go to find work in the US in hopes of being able to provide a better life for their children, their children sometimes feel abandoned by their parents who have immigrated to the US for work and go after them
94
Global migration
Tendencies that will characterize migration patterns
Acceleration
diversification
Globalization
Feminization
95
Assimilation
the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture
96
Melting pot
the idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources
You can no longer distinguish between what was put inside the pot
97
Pluralism
model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in the United States retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship
Opposite of assimilation (salad bowl analogy), different people come together while retaining their unique identities
In assimilation, think of the model that the society wants immigrants to become (American nuclear family is what many Americans wanted immigrants to model.) In contrast, think of how different immigrants have different cultures they bring over from their home countries, and these cultures are kept and not forgotten when assimilating.
Recognition of differences
98
Multiculturalism
a condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life
Describes what a WHOLE nation can be, while pluralism is relationships between people
99
Integration process:
which newcomers or minorities are incorporated into the social structure of the host society.
begins with the immigrant generation and continues through the second generation and beyond.
100
3D Jobs:
Dirty, dangerous, and difficult jobs, Legal passing (performing legality)
101
Diaspora:
Diaspora is the movement of people away from their homeland. This creates a shared sense of identity for those coming from the same homeland as people want to keep their cultures alive
102
Five periods of immigration in the US (provide with years)
Colonial Period (Pre 1850s)
Open Door Period (Post 1850s)
The immigration reform (1965- 1996)
Post 9/11 period (from 2001)
Modern day (2001 - present)
103
Nation-State:
particular types of states, characteristics of the modern world, in which governments have sovereign power within defined territorial areas, and populations are citizens who know themselves to be part of single nations
104
Nationalism
A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community
105
Local nationalism
The belief that communities that share a cultural identity should have political autonomy, even within smaller units of nation- states
106
Nation
people with a common identity that ideally includes shared culture, language, and feelings of belonging
107
Ernest Renan:
National identities are not natural or unquestionable
A nation is about remembering and forgetting (memory)
National identification is an ongoing process
Nation as a deadly plebiscite
The will to belong and share the past/future
Nation isn’t about race or language, it’s about the will to belong
108
State:
a political apparatus ruling over a given territorial order, whose authority is backed by law and the ability to use force
109
Sovereignty
the undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area. The notion of national sovereignty is a relatively modern one.
110
Failed states
states in which the central government has lost authority and resorts to deadly force to retain power
111
Imagined communities
imagined Communities' by Benedict Anderson explored how modern nations came to be imagined in the way they are. It argues that national identities are constructed by shared experiences and collective imagination, rather than being based on objective facts.
might include a professional network, a sporting community, a community interested in a particular kind of music, or a religious community.
112
Benedict Anderson: Nation: imagined political community - and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign
Nations are imagined - degree of intersubjectivity, bond with people we’ll never see in our lives
Nations are imagined as limited
Nations are imagined as sovereign
Nations are imagined as community
113
Benedict Anderson: Cultural roots of nationalism
Decline of religious community and the dynastic realm
Apprehension of time: change in conception of time (moving to empty time)
114
Benedict Anderson: Origins of national consciousness
Intersection of capitalism, printing technology, and diversity of languages
Capitalism + print (of bible too)
115
Eric Hobsbawm
Theories of Nationalism
116
Tradition
different from routine because the routine has no symbolic or ritualistic function, ritual has an ideology
Tradition is invariance, the thing that imposes fixed practices
117
Customs
flexible, when a particular gesture/behavior/event/act is repeatedly performed, it becomes a custom. When this is done for a long time and passed down to future generations, it becomes a tradition.
118
Invented traditions
taken to mean a set of practices normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature, which seek to inculcate certain values and norms of behavior by repetition
automatically implies continuity with the past
Invented traditions are created to unify people, like Thanksgiving or the Fourth of July to unify American people
119
Invention of traditions has served multiple causes
1. Social order and legitimization for kings or ruling elites
2. Substitute for social cohesion in the age of secularization and emerging rights
3. Helped produce important institutions such as primary education, public ceremonies, and public monuments
120
Hugh Trevor Roper:
Scottish invented tradition of tartan
Scotland has acquired an independent ancient culture separate from Ireland, the tartan kilt was an invented tradition
Tartan would represent the individual clans as a form of rebellion against irish rule
The artificial creation of highland traditions
New traditions were adopted by lowland Scotland to become independent from Ireland
121
Memory:
Malleable
Belongs to a group (is blind to all but the group it binds)
Selective
Reconstructed from the present
Agency
122
History:
Belongs to everyone
Free from grand narratives
An intellectual, universal, and secular product
An attempt at a never perfect reconstruction of the past
Constantly undermines and destroys memory
123
Collective memory
The reconstruction of the past is never complete and is always influenced by the present
124
Communicative memory
Content: historical experiences within the framework of individual biographies
Forms: informal, loosely shaped, natural, created through interaction and everyday experience
Media: living memory in individual minds, experience, hearsay
Temporal structure: 80-100 years, a temporal horizon of 3-4 generations that shifts with the passage of time
Carries: non-specific, eyewitnesses within a memory community
125
Cultural Memory
Content: mythical past/ancient history, events from an absolute past
Forms: consciously established, highly formalized, ceremonial communication, festival
Media: established objectivations, traditional symbolic encoding/staying in word, image, dance, etc.
Temporal structure: absolute past of a mythical ancient time
Carries: specialized carriers of tradition
126
Stored memory
The other transcending the present
anarchous : dual temporal
Inviolability of texts , documents
Literature, art, museum
Individuals within a cultural group
127
Functional memory
The self relies on the past
Continuity between past and present
Selective = strategic
Festivals, public rituals
Collective subjects
128
Max Weber
expanded the concept of social class, introduced the ideas of status, power and authority, and social action.
129
Erving Goffman
Central to the book and Goffman's theory is the idea that people, as they interact together in social settings, are constantly engaged in the process of "impression management," wherein each tries to present themselves and behave in a way that will prevent the embarrassment of themselves or others.
