FINAL Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What is a green building?
A
A healthy facility designed & built in a resource-efficient manner
2
Q
What is a green building referred to?
A
as Sustainable buildings & high performance buildings
3
Q
What are the barriers related to green design?
A
Economic
4
Q
Some of the costs associated with higher energy efficiency (tighter shell, more insulation, better glazing…) should be
A
offset by lower cots to buy, operate & replace larger HVAC equipment
5
Q
Better buildings…
A
increase the comfort, happiness & productivity of those living in them = increased profit value
6
Q
What is R.O.I?
A
The return on investment
7
Q
Green building design principles? (3)
A
Energy efficiency: renewable forms of energy
Conservation of natural resources: includes durability, low environmental impact & low maintenance
High indoor air quality : reduce mould, moisture, gases.
8
Q
Select & develop sites to promote livable communities implies…(4)
A
- Consider redeveloping existing sites & buildings
- Develop links to public transit
L.R.T.: Light Rapid Transit
Highest rated countries = best travel system
T.O.D. Transit oriented development (build it & they’ll come) - Animate streets with retail at street level
- Promote use of pedestrian networks
9
Q
Develop flexible designs to enhance building longevity implies… (6)
A
- Design for ease of expansion & reconfiguration
- Avoid the use of fixed building systems that are embedded in the structure
- Consider the longevity of the building & design accordingly
- If the anticipated lifespan is short consider possible uses
- If the lifespan is long design to ease periodic refurbishment & replacement of building systems
- Design from disassembly
10
Q
Use natural strategies to protect & restore water resources implies…(3)
A
- Design the site to limit disruption of existing vegetation
- Make use of pervious materials & existing drainage patterns
- When locating buildings, roads, and parking consider the impact on water flows
11
Q
Improve energy efficiency while ensuring thermal comfort implies…(4)
A
- Improve the building envelope & develop passive solar strategies to improve comfort & reduce energy demands
- Coordinate daylighting with high efficiency artificial lighting & controls
- Reduce overall building loads (mechanical & electrical)
- Reduced loads will lead to reduces operational costs & reduced equipment capital costs
12
Q
A good practices for improving energy efficiency while ensuring thermal comfort (3)
A
- Orientation & massing of the architectural elements
- The building skin
- The glass
13
Q
Most efficient building shape (energy wise)?
A
Sphere
14
Q
Promote occupant health & well-being in the indoor environment implies… (4)
A
- Consider promoting building occupants with a connection to nature & daylight
- Consider the use of gardens, landscaped courtyards, green roofs & views
- Use natural ventilation or combination of natural & HVAC
- Consider ventilation effectiveness…underfloor air distribution systems
15
Q
Conserve water & consider water reuse systems implies…(3)
A
- Conserve water with the use of low-flow plumbing fixtures & wat4er efficient appliances & HVAC equipment
- Consider the use of waterless fixtures
- Consider the collection of rainwater & the reuse of greywater for non potable purposes
16
Q
Use environmentally preferable building materials implies…(4)
A
- Evaluate the environmental impacts & resource use of proposed building materials over their full life cycle
- Require compliance with environmental improvements in material specs, such as, low VOC’s, minimum recycled content, and avoidance of toxic materials & admixtures
- Seek out non-toxic materials from local, renewable, & sustainably-acquired sources
- Require that wood used originate from sustainably managed sources such as FSC or SFI
17
Q
Use appropriate plant material implies…(4)
A
- Use plant material adapted to region’s climate, soils, & water availability
- Use native species
- Protect natural features of the site
If possible, restore natural features that were destroyed - Consider xeriscaping (no use of water)
18
Q
Plan for recycling during construction/demolition & occupancy implies…(4)
A
- If recycling is made easy and convenient it will happen
- Provide facilities for recycling at point of use
- Plan and allow space for recycling & composting
- If possible reduce construction waste by mandating recycling in specs.
19
Q
What is cradle to cradle?
A
Mimic natural cycles
Designed for a closed loop where waste becomes food & feeds back into a healthy
20
Q
What are the10 green building design goals?
A
- Select & develop sites to promote livable communities
- Develop flexible designs to enhance building longevity
- Use natural strategies to protect & restore water resources
- Improve energy efficiency while ensuring thermal comfort
- Reduce environmental impacts related to energy use
- Promote occupant health & well-being in the indoor environment
- Conserve water & consider water reuse systems
- Use environmentally preferable building materials
- Use appropriate plant material
- Plan for recycling during construction/demolition & occupancy
21
Q
Baltimore Bridge
A
- Port closed indefinitely
- Ship was travelling 6 - 9 km/h
- Transporting cars (90, 000lbs)
- 6 people dead
- 90 seconds before ship hit, alerted and traffic stopped
- 2 construction workers fell 56m and survived
- 7 - 8 miles to come to stop (Lost power)
- Pylon got hit (Should have been covered with steel and gravel)
22
Q
Liquefaction
A
Soil concentrated with water, changing structural integrity; High water table, water underneath the surface. When the ground shakes sand “squeezes” the water making it rise as the sand settles (Taiwan Earthquake)
23
Q
Embodied Carbon
A
The amount of GHG emissions associated with upstream extraction, production, transport, and manufacturing - stages of a product’s life
24
Q
What principles must be adopted to achieve zero embodied emissions?
A
- Reuse: renovating existing buildings, recycled materials, designing for deconstruction
- Reduce: Material optimization and the specification of low to zero carbon materials
- Sequester (Hiding and isolating): Design of carbon sequestering sites and the use of carbon sequestering materials.
25
Annual Global CO2 Emissions
Materials
- Concrete (11%)
- Steel (10%)
- Aluminum (2%)
(23% of all global emissions)
Categories
- Building Operations (28%)
- Building Materials & Construction (11%)
26
The 2030 Challenge
- North American based movement
- Reduce GHG emissions of all new buildings to zero by 2030
27
Has the 2030 Challenge been adopted?
- 80, 000+ Architects in the US have pledged to use the standard
- US, all federal government buildings are required to meet the Challenges
- 40% of all US Architecture firms have adopted the Challenge
28
What are Zero Carbon Buildings?
They are highly efficient buildings that use no fossil fuels, GHG emitting energy to operate and are instead 100% powered by renewable energy.
29
What are Zero Carbon Buildings also known as?
Carbon neutral buildings
30
What is a net zero buildings?
Energy building is one that is optimally efficient and over the course of a year generates energy on site using clean renewable resources in a quantity equal or greater than the total amount of energy consumed on site.
31
What is Cradle to Cradle?
A sustainable business strategy that mimics the regenerative cycle of nature in which waste is reused.
32
What is the goal of cradle to cradle?
Eliminate waste all together; Creating a cyclical process instead of a linear one like the cradle to grave approach.
33
What is the Cradle to grave approach?
Main objective is to decrease waste
34
What rating system must all buildings abide by at the minimum?
The Building Code, and its requirements
35
How do green buildings go a step further than the building code?
Designed to improve building performance and minimize life-cycle environmental impact/cost
36
What is the purpose of a rating system?
Transforms design goals into specific performance objectives and provides a framework to asses the overall design
37
How are rating systems divided?
Worldwide & country specific
38
R-2000 (Rating system)
- Residential
- Developed in1987 by National Resources Canada (NRCan) Office of Energy Efficiency in partnership with CHBA
- Aim to promote the use of cost -effective energy-efficient home building practices and technologies
- Federally run
- Looks at how a building performs, not way it was built
- Builder can choose most cost-effective methods to reach energy targets
- Target to use 30% less operational energy than conventional homes
- Every one of these homes are inspected and tested (3rd party)
39
Novoclimat (Rating system)
- Mostly residential
- Run by the Quebec government; Agence de l'éfficacité énergétique
- Started in 1999 and now called Novoclimat 2.0
- Refers to; Single family, > or = 3 storeys or, > or = 600m^ (Part 9)
4 - 10 storeys and < 600m^2
- Promotes comfortable, healthy and energy efficient homes
40
BOMA BEST (Rating system)
- BOMA = Building Owners and Manufacturers Association of Canada
- BEST = Building Environmental Standards
- Biggest Canadian environmental assessment and certification program for existing buildings
- Voluntary program
- Provides owners and managers with a consistent framework for assessing environmental performance of existing buildings of all sizes
- Used primarily by large developers and property management companies
- Evaluates the energy and environmental performance of new and existing buildings, and interior tenant improvements
- Allows building owners to reduce energy consumption and operating costs and improve waste management
- Used to attract new tenants and improve the building's image as environmentally conscious - Green washing
41
What does LEED stand for?
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
42
What is LEED?
- Rating system for designing, constructing, operating and certifying
- System to rate sustainability
- Each credit is structured with the intent stated, followed by the requirements and then with suggested strategies for achieving the credit
- Relatively straightforward to decide, at early stages of a project, whether a given credit can be cost-effectively achieved
- Certified, Silver, Gold or Platinum
43
What are the Advantages of LEED?
- Can be modified for local climate and standards (LEED Canada)
44
Passivhaus
- Performance-based building standard that can result in a house that consumed as little as 10% of the total heating and cooling energy of a typical house
- Reduce heat losses to a minimum, thus rendering large heating systems unnecessary
- Peak heating laods below 15kWh/m^2 of living area
- This about 1/10th of typical building
- Low remaining heat demand can be met with the recovery of internal heat and, if necessary, a small auxiliary heating unit
- Being applied to multifamily buildings and commercial buildings
- The term passive building is becoming more common as its more accurate
45
5 key elements of Passive House
1 - Airtight Construction
- Maximum 0.6
2 - Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery
- Proper ventilation is critical due to the air tightness in the home that does not exchange the stale air with fresh outdoor air very much at all
3 - Thermal Bridge free
- Eliminates cold/hot spots
4 - High efficiency windows
- windows represent 50% of all heat loss = triple glazed is required with 2 low-E coatings & argon gas fill & insulated (windows sold in Canada meet few, if any, of these requirements
5 - Super insulation & efficient Building shape
- houses built in Canada will likely need between 3 & 7 times better insulation performance than that currently demanded by national & provincial Building codes
- Typically R-40-60 walls; R-50-90 roofs; R 30-50 below slab
- reduce or eliminate thermal bridges
- area must be minimized to achieve exceptional energy efficiency.
46
Passivehaus benefits (10)
- much better indoor quality
- increased thermal comfort
- superior sound insulation
- almost unbelievable thermal efficiency
- more durable
- almost no maintenance
- resilient
- sustainable
- versatile
- internationally embraced
47
Why were porticos & colonnades traditionally used?
to create outdoor spaces & provide shade
48
What happens with pouring concrete in winter?
Water freezes before the contact w/cement
49
What do we use in southern climates to control the sunlight?
Deep overhangs
50
Examples of Frank Lloyd Wright using overhangs? (2)
Robie House & Hills de Caro House
51
What did the Corbusier use for shade?
Brise Soleil. He used brise soleil & [parasol roofs as powerful statements to block the sun's rays at certain angles at certain times of the day
52
What is the tiered approach to reducing carbon for cooling & goal?
Tier 1: Heat avoidance
Tier 2: Passive cooling
Tier 3: Mechanical cooling
Goal: Maximize the amount of energy required for mechanical cooling that comes from renewable sources.
53
What are the 3 components that consist of the solar load?
- Direct (uni-directional)
- Diffuse
- Reflected (non-directional)
54
How to prevent solar gain?
shade the window from the direct soalr component
55
Disney Concert Hall (L.A.)
Frank Gehry
- polished stainless steel panels reflected & concentrated light like a parabolic mirror
- Neighbors complained pf glare & heat gain
- Required remediation to its shiny skin as the curves were creating hot points in adjacent streets = dangerous for cars & pedestrians
56
Walkie-Talkie (London)
Rafael Vignoly
- Mirrored glass reflects rays onto the ground. The concave surface focuses all light on a single spot.
- The hotspot moves with the sun
Solution
- Permanent ground level shading
- Treating glass with colour to reduce reflection (frit)
- Adding external architectural shading elements like louvres
57
2 methods of preventing overheating
1. Prevent the sun from hitting the glass: done using roof overhangs, special shading devices or vegetation
2. Use special glazing - spectrally selective - that filters the harmful rays out of the sunlight striking the glass
58
What is the ideal shading device?
It will block a maximum of solar radiation while permitting views & breezes to enter
59
All fixed shading devices are a variation of...
the horizontal overhang, the vertical fin & the eggcrate
60
South facade
- Optimal for daylighting
- Easy solar control
- Light quality is variable
61
North facade
- Excellent for daylighting
- Solar control not required
- Light quality is constant
62
East/West facade
- Avoid for daylighting
- Difficult solar control
Large variation in light quality
63
Adjustable shading devices...
Provide a solution to seasonal lag
64
Do interior shading devices control heat gain?
No, only issues of glare
65
What is the tiered approach to reducing energy requirements with daylighting & goal?
Tier 1: Orientation and planning of building to allow light to reach maximum number of spaces
Tier 2: Glare colour, reflectivity & material concerns
Tier 3: Efficient artificial lighting w/sensors
Goal: Maximize the amount of energy/electricity required for artificial lighting that comes from renewable sources
66
Daylighting does not equal...
sunlight
67
Difference between light and heating? (4)
- Daylighting is about bringing natural light into a space
- Many daylight spaces do not want/need direct sunlight
- Direct beam sunlight is about heating the space
- Sunlight = free heat, daylight = free light
68
Why is daylight environmentally advantageous because...(4)
- Reduces the need for electric lighting
- Reduces the energy needed to power the lights
- Reduces the heat generated from the lights
- Reducing the cooling required for the space
69
Daylighting concepts prefer...
diffuse or indirect lighting
70
Light can be used to reveal...(4)
- Experience
- Form
- Space
- Meaning
71
Examples of building that treat windows as patterning devices, and do not take advantage of the sun
- Canadian War Museum (morse code)
- Perimeter institute for theoretical physics
72
1970's energy crisis
- Steep increase in energy costs
- Windows, monitors & skylights boarded over & insualted
73
Oregon Public Services Building, Michael Graves
- Windows are small & are more focused on design
74
Types of light (6)
- General lightning
- Task lighting
- Ambient Lighting
- Effect lighting
-Direct lighting
- Indirect lighting
- Direct/Indirect lighting
75
Daylighting strategies
- Determine the window to wall ratio depending on 3 factors
1. Determine the orientation
2. Put the light where people need it
3. Lighting through the roof
- Work with the form of the building
- Space planning
75
5 goals of daylighting
1. Deeper sunlight penetration
2. Reduce glare
3. Prevent excessive brightness ratios
4. Prevent or minimize veiling reflections
5. Diffuse the light
76
Window strategies
1. Windows should be high on the wall & equally distributed
2. Place windows on more than one wall & adjacent to the interior walls
3. Splay walls
4. Filter daylight
5. Shade windows from the excessive sunlight in the summer
6. Use movable shades
7. Use light shelves to bounce daylight deep into a room
8. Use a window to wall ratio between 25-40%
76
Skylight strategies
- Clerestory
- Monitors
- Light scoops
77
What is passive design?
- Uses materials to control heat
- Maximizes the use of free ventilation for cooling
78
What are the elements of climatic environment that affect human comfort?
- Air temperature
- Radiation
- Air movement
- Humidity
79
Bodily heat transfer heat gains & loss
Heat gains:
- Metabolism
- Absorption of radiant energy
- Heat conduction toward body
Heat loss:
- Evaporation
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
80
Why is solar geometry essential?
- To do passive building design
- Orient buildings properly
- Understand seasonal changes in the building & surroundings
- Design shading devices
- Use the sun to animate our architecture
81
What is the tiered approach to reducing carbon for heating & goal?
1. Maximize heat retention
2. Passive solar heating
3. Mechanical heating
Goal: First reduce the overall energy required, then maximize the amount of energy required for mechanical heating that comes from renewable sources
82
What are the 3 passive solar heat systems?
1. Direct gain
2. Trombe wall
3. Sun space
83
What is ICF?
- ICF = Insulated concrete formwork
- Emerging tech
- Replaces conventional systems
- Expanded polystyrene
- 2 layers of polystyrene & clips
84
Roxboro
- Torn down gas station = contaminated soils
- Paid off the neighbors
- Gaps in substructure
- Crumbling concrete buttresses
85
