Final

Question 1

What are vitamins?

Answer 1

are organic compounds produced by bacteria, plants and animals, which are essential to human health.

Question 2

Vitamins can be classified as

Answer 2

water- or fat- soluble,
depending on their ability to dissolve in water or fat, respectively.

Question 3

to be considered a vitamin, it has to meet certain criteria:

Answer 3

Organic compounds other than fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
Natural constituents of food, usually present in very small amounts.
Not synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities to meet normal physiological needs.
Needed in very small amounts for normal functioning (maintenance, growth, development and reproduction).
Absence or insufficiency produces a specific deficiency syndrome.

Question 4

Water soluble - vitamins

Answer 4

vitamin C and all the B vitamins

Question 5

B vitamins

Answer 5

Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Niacin (vitamin B3)
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
Biotin (vitamin B7)
Folic acid (vitamin B9)
Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

Question 6

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 6

vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Question 7

These vitamins dissolve in fats and oils, thus are abundant in foods rich in fats such as vegetable oils, fatty fish or full-fat dairy

Answer 7

Fat-soluble vitamins

Question 8

They have a key role in helping our bodies convert foods into energy, they are involved in the proper functioning of our nervous system and they help our cells multiply while protecting our genetic material (DNA) in the process.

Answer 8

Water-soluble vitamins

Question 9

Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body. True or false?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

which vitamin can be stored in the liver for many years.

Answer 10

B12 (“Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body” : The exception to this is vitamin B12)

Question 11

is the generic name used for a group of fat-soluble compounds that include two main forms: carotenoids, found in plant and plant-based foods; and pre-formed vitamin A (or retinol), mainly found in animal products.

Answer 11

Vitamin A

Question 12

Functions of vitamin A

Answer 12

Supports vision
Supports our immune system
Supports the healthy development of the baby
Helps our cell grow and develop

Question 13

What foods contain vitamin A?

Answer 13

meat (particularly organ meats)
butter
margarine enriched with retinol
dairy
eggs

Question 14

Deficiencies of this vitamin can be caused by:

Answer 14

Inadequate intakes of foods containing this micronutrient
Hypoabsorption due to insufficient dietary fat intake, biliary or pancreatic insufficiency, liver disease, or malnutrition.

Question 15

Signs of vitamin a deficiency

Answer 15

Early signs
Deterioration of vision due to loss of visual pigments which causes nocturnal blindness.

Advance signs
Impaired embryonic development
Impaired spermatogenesis
Miscarriage
Anemia
Impaired immunocompetence and reduced number of osteoclasts in bone
Keratinization of the mucous membranes lining the respiratory tract, urinary tract, mouth, skin and epithelium of the eye.
Xerophthalmia: Atrophy of the periocular glands, hyperkeratosis of the conjunctiva, softening of the cornea and blindness.

Question 16

Effects of Vitamin a deficiency on oral structures

Answer 16

Salivary gland atrophy
Enamel hypoplasia
Decreased epithelial tissue development.
Vitamin A has been shown to provide a protective effect against cleft palate.

Question 17

also referred to as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the B-vitamins family

Answer 17

Thiamin

Question 18

Our bodies also use …………. to convert nutrients into energy and to keep the healthy function of our brain and nervous system.

Answer 18

Thiamin (vitamin B1)

Question 19

Functions of Thiamin

Answer 19

Helps our bodies convert nutrients into energy
Keeps the healthy function of our brain and nervous system

Question 20

What foods contain thiamin

Answer 20

wholegrains
pulses
meat (particularly liver)
fish

Question 21

thiamin deficiency

Answer 21

Characterized by anorexia, cardiac signs, indigestion,
constipation, neurological changes.

Increased deficiency in people with chronic alcohol or
drug abuse as thiamine is necessary for metabolism and
detoxification of alcohol.

Question 22

Effect of thiamin deficiency on oral structures

Answer 22

cracked lips or angular cheilitis

“inflammation of one or both corners of the
mouth”.

Question 23

Fluorescent, water-soluble, neon yellow vitamin that can be commonly found in animal-based products.

Answer 23

riboflavin (Vitamin b2)

Question 24

Functions of Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Answer 24

Helps our bodies convert nutrients into energy

Question 25

what foods contain riboflavin (vitamin B2)?

Answer 25

milk and dairy products eggs meat (particularly organ meats) fortified foods

Question 26

signs of riboflavin deficiency

Answer 26

Photophobia, lacrimation, burning and itching of the eyes, loss of visual acuity and pain and burning of the lips, mouth and tongue. Pharyngitis, hyperemia and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucous membranes, oral lesions, generalized seborrheic dermatitis, skin anomalies of the vulva and scrotum.

Question 27

Effects of riboflavin deficiency on oral structures

Answer 27

Edema of oral mucous membranes Oral lesions: Angular cheilitis Glossitis Ulcerative gingivitis

Question 28

is the generic name used for a group of water-soluble compounds (nicotinamide and nicotinic acid) that belong to the family of B-vitamins.

Answer 28

niacin (Vitamin b3)

Question 29

Functions of niacin (Vitamin b3)

Answer 29

Helps our bodies to convert nutrients into energy Helps our bodies make fats and cholesterol Helps form and repair our genetic material

Question 30

what foods contain niacin?

Answer 30

liver, meat and meat products fish peanuts whole grains fortified foods

Question 31

niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency mainly include

Answer 31

Muscle weakness Anorexia Indigestion Skin rashes Severe deficiency results in pellagra. Pellagra

Question 32

Effects of niacin deficiency on oral structures

Answer 32

Tongue and mouth soreness Pellagra can lead to a specific presentation of glossitis

Question 33

Water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the B-vitamins family. Our bodies use …………. to convert nutrients into energy and to make and break down fats.

Answer 33

Pantothenic acid (Vitamin b5)

Question 34

Functions Pantothenic acid (Vitamin b5)

Answer 34

Helps our bodies convert nutrients into energy Helps our bodies make and break down fats

Question 35

What foods contain Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)?

Answer 35

meat and meat products eggs nuts avocados green leafy vegetables (such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kale and brussels sprouts) whole grains legumes fortified foods

Question 36

pantothenic acid deficiency

Answer 36

can cause mood changes, sleeping problems and neurological, cardiac and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Question 37

is involved in more than 100 chemical reactions in our cells

Answer 37

Vitamin B6

Question 38

Vitamin B6 functions

Answer 38

Helps our bodies to covert nutrients into energy Helps form our red blood cells Helps form our genetic material (DNA & RNA) SUPPORT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT DURING PREGNANCY AND INFANCY BALANCES LEVELS OF homocysteine IN BLOOD Keeps the healthy function of our brain and nervous system

Question 39

What foods contain vitamin B6

Answer 39

wholegrains (such as corn, brown rice and quinoa) pulses nuts and seeds potatoes meat and meat products (such as poultry, pork and liver) fortified foods

Question 40

effects of vitamin b6 deficiency

Answer 40

can cause itchy rashes, and an impairment of the immune system. In the long-term, it often leads to microcytic anaemia, a disorder that causes our bodies to produce very small red blood cells that are unable to properly deliver oxygen to our bodies. It can also impair the normal function of our brain, causing confusion, depression, or more severe consequences. Children with a lack of this vitamin grow and develop slower, can become irritable or develop microcytic anaemia and seizures

Question 41

Effects of vitamin b6 deficiency on oral structures

Answer 41

Periodontal disease Burning sensation of the mouth Sore tongue Scaly skin on the lips Angular cheilitis

Question 42

is a water-soluble vitamin that’s a part of the vitamin B family. It’s also known as vitamin H, B7 or B8.

Answer 42

BIOTIN

Question 43

BIOTIN functions

Answer 43

Helps our bodies to convert nutrients into energy Helps our bodies make fatty acids and glucose

Question 44

What foods contain biotin?

Answer 44

meat and poultry fish eggs cheese

Question 45

biotin deficiency

Answer 45

skin disorders like seborrheic dermatitis, alopecia (hair loss), conjunctivitis, poor muscle coordination and paralysis. In children, it can slow their growth and development.

Question 46

Effect of biotin deficiency on oral structures

Answer 46

periorificial dermatitis; scaly, red rash around the orifices, i.e., eyes, nose, and mouth (also called “biotin-deficient face”). Glossitis

Question 47

……….. is the natural form of the vitamin found in foods and in the body; while folic acid is its synthetic form, used in supplements or fortified foods. Our bodies absorb folic acid from fortified foods or supplements significantly better than folate from foods.

Answer 47

Folate (vitamin b9)

Question 48

Functions of Folate (vitamin b9)

Answer 48

Helps our cells grow and multiply Helps form our red blood cells Helps form our genetic material Keeps the healthy function of our brain and nervous system Balance levels of homocysteine in the blood Support brain development during pregnancy and infancy

Question 49

what foods contain folate?

Answer 49

dark green vegetables, legumes orange and grapefruit juice peanuts and almonds.

Question 50

Folate deficiency

Answer 50

can affect people with specific health conditions that impair the absorption of nutrients by our bodies (such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease or chronic alcohol abuse). It can also affect people who have a specific mutation in the MTHFR gene, which prevents the body from converting folate to its active (functional) form. can cause irritability and forgetfulness. In the long-term, it can lead to megaloblastic anaemia, a disease that causes the body to form unusually large red blood cells in lower amounts. IN PREGNANT WOMEN increases the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

Question 51

Effect of folate deficiency on oral structures

Answer 51

periodontal tissues : Gingival necrosis, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone loss Although folate deficiency is most often associated with neural tube defects, recent studies have found a reduced occurrence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate when pregnant women take supplemental folic acid. Also, insufficient folate consuming in pregnancy (<6 ng/mL) increases early childhood caries in toddlers. Effect of folate deficiency on oral structures

Question 52

also known as cobalamin, is the generic name used for a group of water-soluble compounds that belong to the family of B-vitamins.

Answer 52

Vitamin B12

Question 53

Functions of cobalaim (vitamin B12)

Answer 53

Keep the healthy function of our brains and nervous system helps form our red blood cells Helps balance levels of homocysteine in blood Helps form our genetic material

Question 54

What foods contain vitamin B 12

Answer 54

meat fish eggs dairy products fortified foods (such as breakfast cereals and plant-based alternatives to yogurt and milk).

Question 55

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 55

can happen to vegetarians and vegans, as they have limited sources of this vitamin in their diet. It can also be caused by specific health conditions that affect the absorption or use of this vitamin in our bodies, such as pernicious anaemia. megaloblastic anaemia. can also harm the normal function of our nervous system and lead to irritability, memory disturbances, depression, and disorientation.

Question 56

Effect of vitamin b12 deficiency on oral structures

Answer 56

angular cheilitis halitosis bone loss hemorrhagic gingivitis painful ulcers in the mouth detachment of periodontal fibers

Question 57

also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin found in a variety of foods.

Answer 57

Vitamin C

Question 58

Functions of vitamin C

Answer 58

support our immune function Helps our body make collagen Keep the healthy function of our brain and nervous system Protects our cells against damage from free radicals Helps our body covert fats into energy

Question 59

What foods contain, vitamin C?

Answer 59

fruits (such as berries, lychee, papaya, kiwi and citrus fruits) vegetables (such as cauliflower, cabbage and sweet pepper).

Question 60

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 60

can cause fatigue, anaemia, joint pain and muscle weakness Scurvy

Question 61

Effects of vitamin C deficiency on oral structures

Answer 61

irregular dentin formation dental pulpal alterations bleeding gums delayed wound healing defective collagen formation

Question 62

is a water-soluble organic compound considered a “conditionally essential” micronutrient. This means that our bodies can make small amounts of choline, but most of it must still come from our diets.

Answer 62

CHOLINE

Question 63

Functions of choline

Answer 63

Helps form the membranes of our cells Helps our muscles contract Balance levels of homocysteine in the blood Keeps the healthy function of our brain and nervous system Helps the transport of fats and cholesterol in the body

Question 64

What foods contain Choline?

Answer 64

meat and fish whole grains vegetables and fruit fats and oils.

Question 65

Choline deficiency

Answer 65

can cause damage to our muscles and cause fat to build up in our livers, leading to liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Question 66

is a fat-soluble vitamin and one of the few ones our bodies can make when the skin is directly exposed to the sun. Food sources of this vitamin are particularly important in places where sunlight exposure is lower.

Answer 66

Vitamin D

Question 67

Functions of vitamin D

Answer 67

Helps form and keep strong bones and teeth Helps our muscles contract Helps nerves carry messages between the brain and body Support our immune system

Question 68

What foods contain vitamin D?

Answer 68

fatty fish (such as herring, salmon and mackerel) meat (particularly organ meats) and meat products egg yolks fortified foods.

Question 69

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 69

impair our bodies’ ability to absorb calcium and phosphorus from foods, which then need to be moved from our bones to supply the rest of the body. Over time, this causes our bones to become less dense (with less bone mass) and weaker.

Question 70

Effects of vitamin d deficiency on oral structures

Answer 70

A deficiency in vitamin D is associated with enamel and dentin hypoplasia. Inadequate levels of vitamin D during tooth formation may result in delayed eruption as well as lamina dura and cementum loss and abnormal alveolar bone patterns that lead to tooth loss.

Question 71

is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in eight different forms; however, of those, our bodies only use α-tocopherol.

Answer 71

Vitamin E

Question 72

Functions of vitamin E

Answer 72

Protect our cell against damage from free radicals Keeps nerve and red blood cells healthy Help prevent clots from forming in the blood Keeps the normal function of our brain and nervous system Support our immune system

Question 73

What foods contain vitamin E?

Answer 73

vegetable oils vegetable fat spreads nuts and seeds some fatty fish egg yolk whole-grain cereals.

Question 74

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 74

poor coordination and muscle control muscle pain or weakness visual disturbances increased risk of bleeding

Question 75

is a fat-soluble vitamin that has three forms: vitamin K1, K2 and K3.

Answer 75

Vitamin K

Question 76

also known as phylloquinones, is the most abundant in foods and we can find it mainly in plants.

Answer 76

Vitamin K1

Question 77

also known as menaquinones, is produced by bacteria and yeast and we can find it mainly in animal products such as meat, cheese and eggs.

Answer 77

Vitamin K2

Question 78

also known as menadione, is the synthetic form of the vitamin and can only be found in supplements.

Answer 78

Vitamin K3

Question 79

Functions of vitamin K

Answer 79

Helps blood clotting Helps form and keep our bones structure

Question 80

what foods contain vitamin k?

Answer 80

Plant-based foods rich in vitamin K include: dark green leafy vegetables (such as spinach, lettuce, cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, broccoli and cauliflower) some seed and vegetable oils (such as soybean, rapeseed, and olive oil) spreadable vegetable fats Animal-based foods rich in vitamin K include: meat and meat products (particularly liver products) poultry cheese and other dairy products blended fats and oils

Question 81

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 81

affects blood clotting and can cause easy bruising and bleeding. happens in people that use specific medications, such as anticoagulants.

Question 82

Effect of vitamin K deficiency on oral estructures

Answer 82

gingival bleeding spontaneous gingival hemorrages