Final Flashcards
(200 cards)
0
Q
1) Hunting and gathering societies…
A) organize rather small groups into political units.
B) generally produce a food surplus.
C) are always warlike and require little land.
D) are not able to produce art.
E) could not survive after Middle Eastern people developed agriculture.
A
A) organize rather small groups into political units
1
Q
The Chinese government accepted Daoism for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A) Daoists believed that nobles were holier than peasants.
B) Daoists provided spiritual insights for many in the upper classes.
C) Daoism embraced traditional Chinese beliefs.
D) Daoists did not have great political ambitions.
E) Daoists came to acknowledge the Son of Heaven.
A
A).Daoists believed that nobles were holier than peasants.
2
Q
Buddhism differed from Hinduism by not believing
A) in the caste system.
B) in nirvana.
C) in the importance of moral obligations. D) in holy leaders.
E) in spreading the faith.
A
A) in the caste system.
3
Q
Compared to modern American ideas of democracy, Athenian democracy was distinctive in
A) naming experienced leaders as military generals.
B) electing representatives to govern the city-state.
C) separating foreign residents from citizens.
D) urging that all citizens participate directly in lawmaking and policymaking.
E) urging that the state adopt policies to benefit ordinary citizens.
A
D) urging that all citizens participate directly in lawmaking and policymaking.
4
Q
After 200 C. E., an increasing number of people in Asia, Europe, and North Africa began to adapt faiths characterized by
A) secularism. B) monotheism. C) animism.
D) polytheism.
E) ancestor worship.
A
B) monotheism
5
Q
What was the initial response of the Umayyads to Muhammad’s new faith?
A) They sought to protect him from a plot on his life by the Banu Hashim.
B) They regarded him as a threat to their wealth and power as he questioned the traditional gods of the Ka’ba.
C) They sought him as an ally against the Sassinians and the Byzantines.
D) The Umayyads immediately accepted Muhammad as their religious and political leader and
the chief power in Mecca.
E) The Umayyads simply ignored Muhammad as an insignificant member of a weak clan.
A
B) They regarded him as a threat to their wealth and power as he questioned the traditional gods of the Ka’ba.
6
Q
What was al-Mahdi’s attitude toward the Shi’as?
A) He viewed them as opponents of his dynasty and attempted to eliminate them.
B) He accepted the fundamental doctrines of the Shi’as and abdicated.
C) He instituted a program of conversion so they would become Sunni.
D) He appealed to the moderate factions of the Shi’as to support the Abbasid dynasty.
E) In order to placate the Shi’as, al-Mahdi lived a pious life of poverty and simplicity.
A
D) He appealed to the moderate factions of the Shi’as to support the Abbasid dynasty.
7
Q
What was the impact of the Portuguese arrival on the trading patterns of the east African coast?
A) Despite great effort to shift the focus of trade into their hands, the Portuguese were never able
to control trade on the northern Swahili coast.
B) The Portuguese bypassed the Swahili coast on their way to more valuable trade in Java.
C) The Portuguese rapidly used military superiority to control all aspects of trade along the east
African coast.
D) The Portuguese allied themselves with Christians from Ethiopia in a combined assault on the
east African coast.
E) The Portuguese arrival disrupted normal trade lines so severely that African trade with India
and southeast Asia ceased to exist for centuries.
A
A) Despite great effort to shift the focus of trade into their hands, the Portuguese were never able
to control trade on the northern Swahili coast.
8
Q
The significance of the Byzantine Empire included all of the following EXCEPT
A) the empire’s conquest of the Ottoman Empire and its inclusion of all of the Middle East.
B) the ability of the empire to spread its cultural and political influence to the Balkans and
southern Russia.
C) its development of Orthodox Christianity, which broke off from Rome in 1054.
D) the importance of the empire’s capital at Constantinople as a major urban center.
E) the empire’s ability to survive for almost a thousand years.
A
A) the empire’s conquest of the Ottoman Empire and its inclusion of all of the Middle East.
9
Q
The moldboard was
A) a technological innovation, a water-driven mill for grinding grain.
B) a nickname for the first school established by Charles Martel in France.
C) a technological innovation, a plow that allowed deeper turning of the soil.
D) the peasant council that determined the division of land and labor in a peasant village.
E) a system of justice common to the manorial regime of the medieval West.
A
C) a technological innovation, a plow that allowed deeper turning of the soil.
10
Q
At the time of their migration to the shores of Lake Texcoco, the Aztec numbered about A) 100,000 B) 150,000 C) 10,000 D) 1,000. E) 50,000
A
C) 10,000
11
Q
The outstanding poet of the Tang era was
A) Li Bo. B) Gaozu. C) Zhao Kuangyin D) Bi Sheng. E) Zhu Xi.
A
A) Li Bo
12
Q
Following the assertion of Vietnamese independence from China in the tenth century, what aspects
of Chinese culture were retained by the Vietnamese rulers?
A) The Chinese administrative system based on the Confucian examination system
B) Chinese family organization
C) A highly centralized administrative system manned by a powerful scholar-gentry
D) Chinese popular culture, such as cockfights
E) The successful suppression of the peasantry
A
A) The Chinese administrative system based on the Confucian examination system
13
Q
In the early 12th century, the Qin kingdom of northern China was defeated by a Mongol
confederation under the leadership of
A) Kabul Khan. B) Batu. C) XiXia. D) Ogedei. E) Hulegu.
A
A) Kabul Khan
14
Q
Strong regional monarchies took hold in the decades around 1400 in A) Germany and Austria. B) the Ottoman Empire. C) Spain and Portugal. D) Italy and Greece. E) Russia and Poland.
A
C) Spain and Portugal.
15
Q
Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to produce unprocessed goods
cheaply led to the development of ________ labor systems.
A) dependant B) coercive C) socialist D) independent E) free
A
B) coercive
16
Q
What region of the world became the dominant culture in the period after 1450?
A) The Islamic Middle East B) China C) The West D) Central Asia E) Africa
A
C) the West
17
Q
What noble was responsible for initiating a series of expeditions along the African coast and
outward to the Azores in the 15th century?
A) Cardinal Mazarin, regent of France
B) Prince Henry of England
C) Hugh Dupuy, Count Marechal
D) Prince Henry the Navigator
E) Duke of Saxony
A
D) Prince Henry the Navigator
18
Q
What region in the Americas was claimed by Portugal?
A) Brazil B) Mexico C) Panama D) Peru
E) Bermuda
A
A) Brazil
19
Q
Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the
later 16th century?
A) The Spanish defeat of the English Armada cut England off from further advances in Europe
and forced English attention to foreign conquest.
B) The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than
their Catholic rivals.
C) Spain and Portugal were defeated in a critical war with the Ottoman Empire.
D) Conquered nations rose up against Spain and Portugal, requiring large forces to suppress
them.
E) Famine and disease disastrously reduced the population of the Iberian peninsula after 1588.
A
B) The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than
their Catholic rivals.
20
Q
In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of
the Iberian nations?
A) Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments.
B) Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the
formation of chartered trading companies.
C) The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while
Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest.
D) The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking capital from Italy and the
Florentines.
E) The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support.
A
B) Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the
formation of chartered trading companies.
21
Q
What is the most accepted figure for the percentage of the population of American Indians who
died following the European colonization?
A) Over 15 percent B) Less than 10 percent C) Over 33 percent D) Over 50 percent E) Over 25 percent
A
D) Over 50 percent
22
Q
Which of the following areas of trade was NOT dominated by the West after the establishment of a
global trading network in the 17th century?
A) The Pacific B) The Caribbean C) The Mediterranean D) The Atlantic E) The Indian Ocean
A
E) The Indian Ocean
23
Q
Which of the following statements best accounts for the Spanish failure to hold a position of
dominance in world trade?
A) Spain’s internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion
from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability.
B) The Catholic church that dominated Spanish society argued against the establishment of a
commercial mentality in Spain.
C) Spain’s interests were increasingly directed toward the destruction of the Ottoman Empire.
D) The Spanish withdrew voluntarily from the race for world trade dominance and established a
policy of international isolation.
E) Spain exported more finished goods than it imported due to the high quality of its artisans
and craftsmen.
A
A) Spain’s internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion
from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability.
24
Which of the following regions were dependents to the core zone of the global trade network?
A) France B) Holland C) Spain D) England
E) Sub-Saharan Africa
E) Sub- Saharan Africa
25
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the
world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate?
A) China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of
European ports.
B) East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the
world economy.
C) China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check.
D) Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid
dependent status.
E) Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish ended up in China in order for the
Spanish to purchase Chinese manufactured goods.
A) China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of
European ports.
26
What was the nature of the trade between eastern and western Europe in the 17th century?
A) Eastern Europe provided a trade route for Asian goods because of the role Moscow played as
a trade nexus.
B) Eastern Europe emerged as a powerful challenger to Western domination of the global
commercial network.
C) The inability of eastern Europe to produce anything of value to the West frustrated attempts
to establish trading connections between the two halves of Europe.
D) Western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art
objects and manufactured goods.
E) Eastern and western Europe remained economically isolated, as Russia, Poland, and Prussia
extended their trade relationships with the Ottoman Empire.
D) Western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art
objects and manufactured goods.
27
Which of the following regions was NOT part of the Spanish colonial empire?
A) Mexico B) Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico
C) Brazil D) Panama E) Hispaniola
C) Brazil
28
The British East India Company through negotiation with local Mughal princes gained a station at
A) Constantinople. B) Ceylon. C) Goa. D) Delhi.
E) Calcutta.
E) Calcutta
29
Which of the following represents an impact on western Europe from the development of colonies? A) The decline of the Catholic church and its power resulted from many Europeans moving to
the colonies.
B) Colonial development resulted in a greater sense of cooperation among European nations.
C) The development of colonies hastened the growth of centralized governments and destroyed
the growth of the merchant class in western Europe.
D) Colonialism had limited impact on Europe due to the policy of natives selling free-access goods.
E) The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe.
E) The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe.
30
Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? A) Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard.
B) Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there.
C) The need to defend the southern colonies against Spanish settlers.
D) The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled.
E) Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population.
B) Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there.
31
Which of the following statements concerning Arabic trade after 1100 is most accurate?
A) Arabic control of the seas was strengthened following 1100.
B) Their economic decline could be compared to that of Rome.
C) Although Arabic trade was reduced, Muslims remained active in world markets.
D) The total collapse of the Islamic world in the 12th century can best be compared to the fall of
the Roman Empire.
E) The Arab trading complex was reduced after 1100 to the Middle East
C) Although Arabic trade was reduced, Muslims remained active in world markets.
32
What area represented a new conquest for the Ottoman Empire in the late 1400s?
A) Asia Minor B) Mesopotamia C) North Africa D) Russia E) Southeastern Europe
E) Southeastern Europe
33
What Chinese dynasty succeeded the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China?
A) Ming B) Chou C) Qing D) Han E) Tang
A) Ming
34
What admiral commanded China's great overseas expeditions between 1405 and 1433?
A) Yan Xuanshang B) Zheng He C) Jung Tzi Lung D) Xun Xi E) Chenla Khmer
B) Zheng He
35
Which of the following was NOT a drawback to the West's emergence as a global power?
A) Western nations lacked the political coherence and organizing ability of imperial China.
B) The West did not begin to establish key maritime and commercial links until after 1450.
C) The lives and economic activities of ordinary Europeans, the artisans and peasants, were in
serious disarray.
D) The Catholic church, long one of the organizing institutions of Western civilization, was
under attack.
E) Population loss caused further economic disarray and lack of strong leadership.
B) The West did not begin to establish key maritime and commercial links until after 1450.
36
Which of the following was NOT a source of Western dynamism in the 14th and 15th centuries? A) Advances in metallurgy
B) Two centuries of peace among the major European nations
C) The growth of cities and urban economies
D) A cultural reawakening
E) The strengthening of feudal monarchy
B) Two centuries of peace among the major European nations
37
In comparison to medieval culture, Renaissance culture was
A) disinterested in classical models.
B) more other-worldly and religious.
C) based less on urban vitality and expanding commerce.
D) more concerned with Aristotelian philosophy.
E) more concerned with things of the earthly world.
E) more concerned with things of the earthly world.
38
What Italian city-state was best placed to engage in the new, Western-oriented commercial ventures of the 15th century?
A) Padua B) Genoa C) Florence D) Rome E) Pisa
B) Genoa
39
What was the Western response to the problems of international trade that they experienced in
1400?
A) Western nations halted trade with Asia and the East and became more dependent on
European-produced commodities.
B) Overland trade routes through northern Russia were established to the East.
C) Many nations sought to establish alliances with the Ottoman Empire in order to restore the
trade routes.
D) They began to pull back from all but regional trade networks found in the eastern
Mediterranean.
E) Western nations began explorations of alternative routes to Asia that would bypass the
Middle East and Muslim realms.
E) Western nations began explorations of alternative routes to Asia that would bypass the
Middle East and Muslim realms.
40
```
Which of the following represents a significant difference between New Zealand and Hawaii?
A) A society based on warfare
B) A cold and harsh climate
C) Tribal military leaders
D) A highly stratified society
E) Art based on carved wood
```
B) A cold and harsh climate
41
The practice of judging other peoples by the standards and practices of one's own culture of ethnic
group is
A) ethnocentrism. B) anthropomorphism. C) genocide. D) localism. E) aversionism.
A) ethnocentrism
42
What was the basic unit of Mongol society?
| A) The tribe B) The nuclear family C) Band D) The guild E) The city-state
A) the tribe
43
Which of the following statements concerning Chinggis Khan's early life is most accurate?
A) He succeeded to the kingship of the Mongols at an early age as the only heir of his
grandfather.
B) He fled following his father's death to the Chinese, who provided him with military support.
C) Following his father's death, he was abandoned by many followers and captured by a rival
tribe.
D) Following the death of his father, he immediately enjoyed military success over rival clans.
E) He did not become leader of the Mongols until he had secured the assistance of his rival Batu.
C) Following his father's death, he was abandoned by many followers and captured by a rival
tribe.
44
Mongol armies were divided into units called
| A) kuriltai. B) karakorum. C) khagans. D) tumens. E) tobruk.
D) tumens
45
In 1219 Chinggis Khan directed his troops against the Islamic territory of
A) Khwarazm. B) Ferghana. C) Samarkand. D) Karakorum. E) Kubilai.
A) Khwarazm
46
What was the religious policy of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan?
A) All religions were tolerated in his empire.
B) He practiced no religious beliefs himself, but tolerated Islam only.
C) After the Russian campaign the Mongols became Orthodox Christians.
D) Buddhism became the state religion of the Mongol empire.
E) He was converted to Islam late in his life.
A) All religions were tolerated in his empire.
47
Following Chinggis Khan's death, what was the provision for the administration of the empire?
A) Mandarins from China were brought in to help administer the empire under the guidance of
the grand khan.
B) It was divided into four regional kingdoms, or khanates, ruled by his sons and grandsons.
C) The empire immediately fragmented into its constituent tribes and clans.
D) It passed as a single government with its capital at Karakorum to Chinggis Khan's oldest son.
E) It was centralized with a Mongol bureaucracy located at the Chinese capital of Tatu.
B) It was divided into four regional kingdoms, or khanates, ruled by his sons and grandsons.
48
What was the nature of the Russian resistance to the Mongol invasion?
A) The princes of Russia refused to cooperate among themselves and were routed individually.
B) The Russian cities allied rapidly to confront the Mongols with a united force.
C) The Russian peasants conducted guerilla warfare under the leadership of the Kievan Rus.
D) As the leading commercial centers of Russia, Kiev and Novgorod allied to create a substantial
military force that saved those cities from destruction.
E) The Russians appealed to the Byzantine Empire to provide them with military assistance
against the Mongols.
A) The princes of Russia refused to cooperate among themselves and were routed individually.
49
What was the social impact of the Mongol conquest on Russia?
A) The cessation of trade destroyed the commercial and artisan classes of Russia.
B) The Russian nobility was exterminated giving rise to a society largely composed of free
peasants.
C) The feudal system ended and was replaced by a centralized monarchy based in Kiev.
D) Russian women were elevated to new levels of social prominence.
E) Due to the crushing burden of tribute paid to Mongols and princes, the Russian peasantry
was reduced to serfdom.
E) Due to the crushing burden of tribute paid to Mongols and princes, the Russian peasantry
was reduced to serfdom.
50
Why did the Mongols not pursue the conquest of western Europe?
A) The death of Khagan Ogedei in Karakorum precipitated a struggle for the succession
involving the khan of the Golden Horde.
B) The Mongols had no interest in western Europe. C) Attacks by Timur-i Lang on the southern limits of the territories belonging to the Golden Horde interrupted the Mongol assault.
D) They were defeated at the battle of Bratislava by King Bela of Hungary and allied knights of
eastern Europe.
E) They lacked the necessary cavalry skills.
A) The death of Khagan Ogedei in Karakorum precipitated a struggle for the succession
involving the khan of the Golden Horde.
51
In addition to the destruction of the Abbasid political capital at Baghdad and the weakening of the
Muslim military strength, what significant impact did the Mongol conquest have on the Islamic
heartland?
A) The destruction of cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the
focal points of Islamic civilization.
B) Shi'ism was eliminated as a major factor within Islam.
C) The successful assault on the east African city-states weakened the international trading system of Islam.
D) Most areas were permanently changed to a Mongolian culture.
E) Much of the population of the Islamic heartland was converted to the animism common
among the Mongolian nomads.
A) The destruction of cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the
focal points of Islamic civilization.
52
The Mongol commander in the 13th-century campaigns against the Song was Chinggis Khan's grandson,
A) Batu. B) Berke. C) Ogedei. D) Ali. E) Kubilai Khan.
E) Kubilai Khan.
53
Which of the following statements concerning the Yuan social order is most accurate?
A) The Yuan social order was relatively egalitarian. B) The Mongols ranked all other ethnic groups in a single cohort of subordinates.
C) Beneath the Mongols in the Yuan social system were the ethnic Chinese.
D) Muslims and central Asian allies ranked directly below the Mongols.
E) Below the Mongols were Japanese artisans in the Yuan social scheme.
D) Muslims and central Asian allies ranked directly below the Mongols.
54
When did Chinese influence on Japan peak?
A) 7th and 8th centuries C.E. B) 3rd century B.C.E. C) 5th and 6th centuries C.E. D) 1st century B.C.E. E) 2nd and 3rd centuries C.E
A) 7th and 8th centuries C.E
55
What were the reforms enacted in 646 that intended to thoroughly incorporate Chinese culture and
political structure into Japanese society?
A) Taika B) Heian C) Yoritomo D) Onin E) Gempe
A) Taika
56
What was the immediate impact of the imperial move to Heian?
A) Buddhism ceased to play a major role in Japanese society.
B) Shintoism was formally suppressed following the marriage of the Empress Koken to a former
monk.
C) The aristocrats gave up positions in the central government under pressure from the
Buddhists.
D) The scholar-gentry was able to assert itself through the state's acceptance of a formal examination system modeled on the Chinese bureaucracy.
E) The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the Buddhist monasteries and
took over most of the positions in the central government.
E) The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the Buddhist monasteries and
took over most of the positions in the central government.
57
What appears to have been the primary concerns at the imperial Japanese court at Heian?
A) Military exercise B) Science and technology
C) Social interaction and status D) Interpreting laws E) Commerce and trade
C) Social interaction and status
58
Which of the following statements concerning the rise of a provincial military elite during the 10th
century in Japan is NOT correct?
A) Within their little kingdoms, warrior leaders administered law, supervised public works
projects, and collected revenue.
B) The rise of the provincial elite corresponded to the recovery of the imperial government and
its overthrow of the aristocracy of the court.
C) Provincial elite families often arose from local landowners, estate managers, or local state
officials.
D) A warrior code developed that stressed family honor and death rather than retreat or defeat.
E) The provincial elite came to control land and labor locally and to deny these resources to the
imperial court.
B) The rise of the provincial elite corresponded to the recovery of the imperial government and
its overthrow of the aristocracy of the court.
59
Which of the following statements concerning the nature of warfare among the bushi is most accurate?
A) The bushi depended on infantry tactics, equipping the samurai initially with long spears.
B) Battles hinged on man-to-man duels of great champions typical of the heroic stage of warfare.
C) Battles depended on the Japanese phalanx of mounted samurai and massed assaults predicated on the willingness of the retainers to sacrifice themselves for their leaders.
D) The introduction of gunpowder in the 11th century allowed the bushi to rely on cannon and rockets as their primary means of assault.
E) The bushi made possible the building of conscript armies using new techniques of fighting obtained from the European kingdoms.
B) Battles hinged on man-to-man duels of great champions typical of the heroic stage of warfare.
60
Between 1180 and 1185 the struggle between the two major provincial families, the Taira and the
Minamoto, was decided in what wars?
A) Tang B) Onin C) Koguryo D) Murasaki E) Gempei
E) Gempei
61
The development of regional power bases in Japan among the warrior elites of the countryside
corresponded to what events in China?
A) The decline of the Tang dynasty
B) The rise of the Tang dynasty
C) The period of the Six Dynasties
D) The conquest of Vietnam
E) The Mongol conquest of the southern Song
A) The decline of the Tang dynasty
62
Following the death of Yoritomo, what family dominated the military government of the bakufu at Kamakura?
A) Taira B) Yoshitsune C) Minamoto D) Fujiwara E) Hojo
E) Hojo
63
What was the relationship between the Ashikaga Shogunate and the emperor?
A) The Ashikaga shoguns brought the imperial family to Kamakura in order to more closely
control their activities.
B) The Ashikaga shoguns fought the emperor at Kyoto who refused to recognize their authority.
C) The Ashikaga shoguns unseated the emperor at Heian and took the imperial title for
themselves.
D) The Ashikaga shoguns swore fealty to the emperor at Kyoto and restored imperial authority.
E) The emperor and the Ashikaga shoguns formed an alliance and worked together to defeat
their enemies.
B) The Ashikaga shoguns fought the emperor at Kyoto who refused to recognize their authority.
64
How did the principles of warfare change under the daimyos?
A) They introduced new military techniques and strategies learned from contacts with Islamic
traders.
B) Heroic combat between champions remained the rule, but the weapon of choice changed
from the bow to the curved sword.
C) Peasant forces were reduced in significance, as they were replaced by professional soldiers.
D) Warfare based on spying, timely assaults, wise command, and organization of massive armies
replaced heroic combat.
E) The rise of gunpowder and cannon made the fortresses and castles of the warrior elite
obsolete.
D) Warfare based on spying, timely assaults, wise command, and organization of massive armies
replaced heroic combat.
65
```
During the period of the warring daimyos, what was the factor that led to a revival of Chinese influence on the cultural level?
A) Confucianism B) Zen Buddhism C) The strength of the merchant class D) Legalism E) Chinese military technology
```
B) Zen Buddhism
66
The dynasty that ended the period of political chaos after the fall of the Qin-Han was the
A) Tang. B) Song. C) Chou. D) Sui. E) Qing.
D) Sui.
67
Which kingdom was conquered by Wendi in 589? A) Liao B) Manchuria C) Chen D) Tibet E) Korea
C) Chen
68
Unlike his father, the second Sui emperor favored
A) the Chinese peasants.
B) the Confucian scholar-gentry class.
C) nomadic elements in northern China.
D) the Buddhists.
E) the great Chinese aristocratic families.
B) the Confucian scholar-gentry class.
69
Which of the following statements concerning the extent of the Tang empire is most accurate?
A) The Tang built an empire that was far larger than the Han, an empire whose boundaries in
many directions extended beyond the borders of modern China.
B) The Tang empire incorporated India and southeast Asia as well as the areas north of the
Yellow River plain.
C) The Tang extended the empire in all directions except westward, where the Turks remained
entirely independent of the Chinese emperor.
D) The Tang empire was unable to recover the territorial extent of the Han, but did recover
northern areas from the nomads.
E) The Tang empire stopped expanding and was divided into three parts when a civil war broke
out.
A) The Tang built an empire that was far larger than the Han, an empire whose boundaries in
many directions extended beyond the borders of modern China.
70
The title of jinshi was reserved for those who
A) served in the Chinese military.
B) traced their ancestry back to the Han.
C) were members of the Chinese aristocracy.
D) passed the most difficult exams on Chinese literature.
E) were members of the imperial family.
D) passed the most difficult exams on Chinese literature.
71
Which of the following descriptions of Pure Land Buddhism is NOT accurate?
A) It appealed to the Chinese commoners.
B) It appealed to upper class Chinese.
C) It was a salvationist variant of Buddhism.
D) It was founded by Chinese monks.
E) It offered a refuge from war and turmoil.
B) It appealed to upper class Chinese.
72
In what decade did open persecution of Buddhism within the Chinese empire begin?
A) 840s B) 790s C) 850s D) 910s E) 720s
A) 840s
73
Which emperor's reign marked the high point of the Tang power?
A) Wu B) Yang Guifei C) Xuanzong D) Wei E) Gaozu
C) Xuanzong
74
The first Song emperor restored the unity of China EXCEPT for what northern dynasty?
A) Hangzhou B) Silla C) Jin D) Jurchen E) Liao
E) Liao
75
Who was the most prominent of the neo-Confucians during the Song era?
A) Yang Guifei B) Zhao C) Zhu Xi D) Hangzhou
E) Li Bo
C) Zhu Xi
76
Which of the following was NOT one of the reforms introduced by Wang Anshi in the face of
conservative opposition?
A) The end of tribute payments to nomadic dynasties on the northern border
B) Taxation of the landlord and scholarly classes
C) The establishment of well-trained mercenary forces
D) The introduction of government-assisted irrigation projects to encourage agricultural expansion
E) Reorganization of university education.
A) The end of tribute payments to nomadic dynasties on the northern border
77
Which of the following was NOT an economic development during the period of commercial
expansion during the Tang and Song dynasties?
A) Growing sophistication in commercial organization and forms of credit
B) Military domination of the seas
C) Overland silk routes between China and Persia were reopened
D) Trade increasingly carried by Chinese ships and sailors
E) Enlarged market quarters found in all cities and major towns
B) Military domination of the seas
78
The northern nomadic peoples who entered central Mexico following the decline of Teotihuacan
were the
A) Toltecs. B) Maya. C) Incas. D) Aztecs.
E) Olmecs.
A) Toltecs.
79
How did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements of the Toltecs?
A) The Toltec culture was unknown to the Aztecs B) As slaves, fit only for conquest
C) As barbarians who lacked culture
D) As heretics, who practiced a forbidden religion
E) As the givers of civilization
E) As the givers of civilization
80
The people who succeeded the Toltecs as the rulers of central Mexico were the
A) Quechua. B) Olmecs. C) Maya. D) Incas.
E) Aztecs.
E) Aztecs.
81
At the time of their migration to the shores of Lake Texcoco, the Aztec numbered about
A) 10,000 B) 150,000 C) 50,000 D) 1,000. E) 100,000
A) 10,000
82
Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Aztec rise to power?
A) The emergence of a ruler with supreme powers B) A highly urbanized society
C) The abandonment of human sacrifice
D) The subsequent expansion of power and the boundaries of Aztec control
E) The increasing dominance of the nobility
C) The abandonment of human sacrifice
83
Which of the following was NOT one of the major themes or cults of Aztec religion?
A) Deities devoted to contemplation and salvation B) Gods of warfare and sacrifice
C) Creator deities
D) Gods of fertility
E) The agricultural cycle
A) Deities devoted to contemplation and salvation
84
Which of the following statements concerning the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan is NOT accurate?
A) By 1519 it probably had a population of about 150,000.
B) It was built on an island in the middle of a lake. C) It and Cuzco shared a similar geography in that both cities were located on a lake.
D) Unlike other Mesoamerican cities it lacked a temple complex.
E) The city was divided into more than 60 wards controlled by kinship groups.
D) Unlike other Mesoamerican cities it lacked a temple complex.
85
One of the most permanent features of Aztec society was its organization into clans or
A) calpulli. B) pipiltin. C) chinampas. D) ayllus. E) quipus.
A) calpulli.
86
Which of the following is NOT true of the Aztec view of marriage and the family?
A) Polygamy was common throughout society.
B) Marriages were often arranged between lineages.
C) Young girls were often trained by the older women of the calpulli.
D) Virginity at marriage was highly regarded for young women.
E) Mayeques rarely married into noble families.
A) Polygamy was common throughout society.
87
The most powerful of the Andean states between 900 and 1465 following the decline of Tihuanaco
and Huari was
A) Chichen Itza. B) Titicaca. C) Texcoco. D) Chavin. E) Chimor.
E) Chimor.
88
The Inca ruler associated with the first creation of the Inca empire in 1438 was
A) Nezhualcoyotl. B) Topac Yupanqui. C) Pachacuti. D) Ahuitzotl. E) Moctezuma II.
C) Pachacuti
89
The religious practice most closely associated with the state and the person of the Inca in Andean
civilization was the cult of
A) Twantinsuyu. B) human sacrifice.
C) Quetzalcoatl. D) the sun. E) the rain god.
D) the sun
90
Following the fall of Rome, where was the center of the post-classical West?
A) The British Isles
B) In Italy, particularly Rome
C) The central plains of northern Europe
D) In the former Roman colony of Spain
E) Greece
C) The central plains of northern Europe
91
The system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant
laborers was called
A) slavery. B) capitalism. C) manorialism.
D) feudalism. E) monasticism.
C) manorialism.
92
The moldboard was
A) a system of justice common to the manorial regime of the medieval West.
B) the peasant council that determined the division of land and labor in a peasant village.
C) a technological innovation, a water-driven mill for grinding grain.
D) a technological innovation, a plow that allowed deeper turning of the soil.
E) a nickname for the first school established by Charles Martel in France
D) a technological innovation, a plow that allowed deeper turning of the soil.
93
What Frankish king was responsible for the conversion of his people to Christianity in order to gain a vague domination over the Franks?
A) Pepin III B) Charlemagne C) Clovis D) Charles Martel E) Louis IX
C) Clovis
94
Which of the following was NOT a benefit of the monastic movement in western Europe?
A) Monks exemplified holy lives for church members and church leadership.
B) Their political organization provided the foundation for the political order established in
France, Germany, and England.
C) They disciplined the intense spirituality of the medieval West in order to promote Christian
unity.
D) Many monasteries helped improve the cultivation of the land.
E) By copying ancient texts, monks preserved classical culture for later intellectual inquiry
B) Their political organization provided the foundation for the political order established in
France, Germany, and England.
95
Which of the following statements concerning the Holy Roman Emperors after the 10th century is
most accurate?
A) They built upon the Carolingian foundations to establish the most centralized government
found in the medieval West.
B) Discarding much of the former Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman emperors reestablished
a centralized government in northern Italy.
C) Building on a feudal framework rather than the Carolingian Germanic foundations, the Holy
Roman emperors created a strongly centralized government.
D) The rule of the Holy Roman emperors became increasingly hollow, because they did not
build a solid monarchy from regional foundations.
E) Dukedoms and city-states yielded political authority to the Holy Roman Empire throughout western Europe.
D) The rule of the Holy Roman emperors became increasingly hollow, because they did not
build a solid monarchy from regional foundations.
96
What was the impact of the improved economy after the 10th century on the social system of
western Europe?
A) The increased pace of economic life created a less rigid structure.
B) The merchants lost considerable power to the monarchs.
C) Despite the improved economy, the rigid social system associated with feudalism continued
to dominate western Europe.
D) Harsh serfdom became the rule throughout western Europe.
E) The improvements in the agricultural system retarded the development of towns and
restricted social mobility.
A) The increased pace of economic life created a less rigid structure.
97
Which of the following statements about feudalism is most accurate?
A) Feudalism represented only a brief, and largely unsatisfactory, attempt to create political
stability in western Europe.
B) Although it inhibited the development of strong central states, some kings were able to use
feudalism to build their own power.
C) Although it provided initial political stability, feudalism was rapidly replaced by a western
European imperial system.
D) Feudalism caused rapid economic gains in all parts of Europe including England.
E) Feudalism produced centralized monarchies by the 8th century
B) Although it inhibited the development of strong central states, some kings were able to use
feudalism to build their own power.
98
By what century did France achieve a complete feudal monarchy?
A) 12th B) 10th C) 15th D) 11th E) 13th
E) 13th
99
In what year did Pope Urban II call for the First Crusade?
| A) 1236 B) 1095 C) 1066 D) 1130 E) 1453
B) 1095
100
Pope Gregory VII decreed the practice of investiture invalid. What was investiture?
A) The practice of state appointment of bishops
B) Loaning money at excessive interest to the church
C) The practice whereby aristocrats dressed in bishops' robes and attempted to rule in their place D) The state's power to tax the clergy
E) The practice of trying clerics in secular courts
A) The practice of state appointment of bishops
101
What 12th century monk stressed the importance of mystical union with God over logic and
philosophy?
A) Duns Scotus B) Simeon of Durham C) Bernard of Clairvaux D) Augustine E) Marsiglio of Padua
C) Bernard of Clairvaux
102
Which of the following territories was always part of the Byzantine Empire?
A) Frankish territory B) Balkan Peninsula C) Parts of the Italian peninsula D) Parts of the Iberian peninsula E) Arabian peninsula
B) Balkan Peninsula
103
Which of the following represents a difference between the spread of civilization in eastern and
western Europe?
A) They produced different versions of Christianity, culturally as well as organizationally
separate.
B) Eastern Europe retained less fully the culture of the later Roman Empire than did the West.
C) Only the East faced the threat of an Islamic invasion.
D) Only eastern Europe developed north-south commercial ties.
E) Centralized government and well-organized bureaucracy was more a feature of western Europe than eastern Europe.
A) They produced different versions of Christianity, culturally as well as organizationally
separate.
104
The emperor responsible for a surge in construction in Constantinople was
A) Diocletian. B) Procopius C) Heraklius.
D) Justinian. E) Constantine.
E) Constantine.
105
After the reign of Justinian, what was the official language of the eastern empire?
A) Latin B) Persian C) Aramaic D) Greek E) Arabic
D) Greek
106
Which of the following was NOT one of Justinian's positive contributions to the Byzantine Empire?
A) The reconquest of Gaul
B) The rebuilding of Constantinople
C) The construction of Hagia Sophia
D) Systematizing of the Roman legal code
E) Allowing for new architectural innovations
A) The reconquest of Gaul
107
All of the following were outcomes of Justinian's wars of reconquest EXCEPT
A) increased tax pressures on the government.
B) weakening of the empire's defenses on its eastern frontiers.
C) short-lived military successes in north Africa and Italy.
D) establishment of a temporary capital at the key artistic center at Ravenna.
E) the permanent addition of Rome to the Byzantine Empire.
E) the permanent addition of Rome to the Byzantine Empire.
108
What was the technological innovation that aided the Byzantine Empire in withstanding the
Muslim siege of Constantinople in 717?
A) Cannon B) Gunpowder rockets C) Catapults
D) The longbow E) Greek fire
E) Greek fire
109
What emperor became renowned in the 11th century as the slayer of the Bulgars by defeating the Bulgarian kingdom and restoring Byzantine rule in the Balkans?
A) Ivan IV B) Basil II C) Anastasius D) Justinian
E) Michael III
B) Basil II
110
Which of the following statements concerning Byzantine military organization is most accurate? A) The Byzantine Empire recruited troops within the empire by granting heritable land in return
for military service.
B) The Byzantine Empire emulated the later Arabic empires by making use of slave armies as a
basis for the military force.
C) Byzantine soldiers were recruited almost exclusively from peoples outside the empire.
D) Military command within the Byzantine Empire remained in the hands of the traditional
aristocracy who lived in Constantinople.
E) No outsiders were ever recruited by the Byzantine military but there was wide usage of
eunuchs.
A) The Byzantine Empire recruited troops within the empire by granting heritable land in return
for military service.
111
Which of the following statements concerning the merchant class of the Byzantine Empire is most
accurate?
A) By comparison to western Europe, the merchant class was relatively small but was very
influential in Byzantine political circles.
B) Because of its lack of export products, Byzantine commerce was controlled completely by
foreign merchants.
C) The Byzantine merchant class never recovered from the loss of territories to the Muslims and
was not a significant factor within the empire.
D) Byzantine merchants, because of their wealth, rapidly became the most powerful force in the
government of Constantinople and the empire.
E) There was a large and wealthy merchant class in the Byzantine Empire, but it never gained
significant political power because of the elaborate network of government controls.
```
E) There was a large and wealthy merchant class in the Byzantine Empire, but it never gained
significant political power because of the elaborate network of government controls.
```
112
The name normally given to the form of Christianity that emerged in the Byzantine Empire was
A) Roman Catholicism. B) Nestorianism. C) Coptic Christianity. D) Russian Orthodox. E) Orthodox Christianity.
E) Orthodox Christianity.
113
Which of the following issues was a cause for the split between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox
churches after 1054?
A) The Roman Catholic practice of requiring celibacy for its priests
B) Polygamy among Orthodox priests
C) The absence of monasticism in Roman Catholicism
D) The insistence of the patriarch of Constantinople on supremacy within church councils
E) The Orthodox church's lack of bishops
A) The Roman Catholic practice of requiring celibacy for its priests
114
Which of the following statements concerning political and religious universality in Africa is most
accurate?
A) Although a universal empire did not develop in Africa, Islam provided a principle of
universality in the continent.
B) Neither universal states nor universal religion characterized Africa, but both Christianity and
Islam did find adherents in Africa.
C) During the post classical period, Africa was politically united under a single government but
remained religiously diverse.
D) Universal religions found no adherents in Africa, a fact that helps to account for the failure of
a universal political system to develop.
E) There were no similarities in the various African religious beliefs, which led to an easy
acceptance of universal religions.
B) Neither universal states nor universal religion characterized Africa, but both Christianity and
Islam did find adherents in Africa.
115
Which of the following statements best describes the indigenous religion of much of sub-Saharan Africa?
A) Animistic religion, belief in the power of natural forces personified as deities, characterized
much of Africa.
B) Uniquely, African societies lacked any religious principles prior to the arrival of the
Christians and Muslims.
C) African religion prior to the arrival of the Muslims was typified by an independent form of
monotheism characterized by worship in monumental temple complexes.
D) Sub-Saharan groups were influenced by Hindu beliefs brought in through east African trading ports such as Kilwa.
E) Much of sub-Saharan Africa was Christian but later converted to Islam under military pressure.
A) Animistic religion, belief in the power of natural forces personified as deities, characterized
much of Africa.
116
What region of Africa was first converted to Islam by 700 C.E.?
A) North Africa B) West Africa C) South Africa
D) Central Africa E) East Africa
A) North Africa
117
What was the most important Christian kingdom in Africa?
| A) Mali B) Kongo C) Egypt D) Songhay E) Ethiopia
E) Ethiopia
118
What Sudanic kingdom declined in 1076, making way for new political organizations in the region?
A) Kush B) Songhay C) Ghana D) Axum E) Mali
C) Ghana
119
What monarch is credited with beginning Malinke expansion and creating the Mali Empire?
A) Muhammad the Great B) King Lalibela
C) Sundiata D) Mansa Kankan Musa E) Mahmud of Ghur
C) Sundiata
120
What was the social and political function of the griots?
A) Griots were Malinke merchants who served as trade middlemen throughout Africa and most
of the Islamic world.
B) Griots mastered the oral traditions of the Malinke and by knowing the past were considered
excellent advisors of kings.
C) Griots were Islamic religious leaders in African empires and as such, played a powerful role
in government.
D) Griots were the classes of people of the conquest states of the Mali kings who were consigned
to labor within the empire's mines.
E) Griots were religious diviners whose function was to foretell the future and guide the
decisions of kings.
B) Griots mastered the oral traditions of the Malinke and by knowing the past were considered
excellent advisors of kings.
121
What ruler was responsible for the creation of the Songhay Empire?
A) Mahmud of Ghur B) Mansa Kankan Musa
C) Sunni Ali D) Muhammad the Great E) Sundiata
C) Sunni Ali
122
What accounted for the downfall of Songhay?
A) Invasion by the Portuguese in their search for slaves
B) Invasion by a Moroccan Muslim army equipped with firearms, followed by internal revolts
C) The collapse of the irrigation system on which the agricultural economy depended
D) Defeat and incorporation within the Mali Empire E) The rise of the Swahili coast power states such as Kilwa and others
B) Invasion by a Moroccan Muslim army equipped with firearms, followed by internal revolts
123
What was the relationship between Islam and the indigenous religions of Africa?
A) Islam was able to accommodate pagan practices and beliefs in the early stages of conversion
B) Islam successfully overcame indigenous religious beliefs, and almost all Africans converted to Islam.
C) Islam was less flexible than Christianity in accepting the styles and forms of native worship.
D) Islamic teachers attempted to eradicate the animist indigenous religions of Africa.
E) Because both indigenous African religion and Islam were monotheistic, the two became
inextricably intertwined.
A) Islam was able to accommodate pagan practices and beliefs in the early stages of conversion
124
Which of the following groups did NOT migrate to the coastal region of East Africa?
A) Settlers from the Persian Gulf
B) Bantu
C) Berbers from north Africa
D) Seaborne immigrants from Indonesia and Malaya E) Refugees from Oman
C) Berbers from north Africa
125
What was the nature of trade for the towns of east Africa?
A) There was active trade to the Persian Gulf and Egypt, but little beyond those points.
B) Trade was limited to local commerce among the towns and with the hinterlands lying west of
the urbanized coast.
C) International trade flourished in the urbanized ports of east Africa, including commerce with
India and China.
D) Trade was limited to gold and salt, which was obtained from Indian traders in exchange for
African pottery.
E) Most trade was focused on caravans crossing the Sahel to north Africa.
C) International trade flourished in the urbanized ports of east Africa, including commerce with
India and China.
126
Which statement is TRUE regarding Caliph al-Mahdi and the problem of succession in the Abbasid dynasty?
A) He specified the rule of primogeniture, the succession of the oldest son.
B) He appointed one of his sons to succeed him.
C) He accepted the Shi'a doctrine that only the person with the most direct relationship to
Muhammad should succeed.
D) He failed to resolve the problem of dynastic succession with disastrous results.
E) He accepted the radical proposition that only a man of demonstrable Islamic purity should
succeed.
D) He failed to resolve the problem of dynastic succession with disastrous results.
127
How did the administration of al-Rashid set a trend for subsequent Abbasid rulers?
A) He divided the empire into a series of states each of which elected representatives to a
caliphal parliament at Baghdad.
B) He made the position of caliph all-powerful by building a new capital complex in Cairo.
C) He stressed the importance of piety and simplicity, a position subsequently adopted by his
successors.
D) He was at the outset of his reign heavily dependent on Persian advisors, a practice that
became commonplace thereafter.
E) He removed all regional governors and established strict absolutism from the court at
Baghdad.
D) He was at the outset of his reign heavily dependent on Persian advisors, a practice that
became commonplace thereafter.
128
What accounts for the disruption of the agricultural economy of the Abbasid Empire?
A) The government ordered regions of the empire populated by Shi'as abandoned.
B) The decline of the cities led to a fall in the demand for food supplies and consequent drops in
agricultural prices.
C) Progressive desiccation of the region led to a diminution of the land available for agriculture.
D) Spiraling taxation, the destruction of the irrigation works, and pillaging by mercenary armies
led to destruction and abandonment of many villages.
E) The ayan class began to import large numbers of slaves to work the land.
D) Spiraling taxation, the destruction of the irrigation works, and pillaging by mercenary armies
led to destruction and abandonment of many villages
129
Which of the following statements concerning women during the Abbasid era is most accurate?
A) Women often practiced polygamy.
B) Women often married at puberty, set at age nine.
C) No Islamic women engaged in labor.
D) Rich women had many career outlets in Islamic cities.
E) Abbasid women had vastly greater freedom than did women in the first century of Islam
B) Women often married at puberty, set at age nine.
130
What was the religious affiliation of the Seljuk Turks?
| A) Christian B) Sufi C) Sunni D) Eastern Orthodox E) Shi'a
C) Sunni
131
Who was the Muslim leader responsible for the reconquest of most of the territories belonging to
the Christian crusaders?
A) al-Ghazali B) Firdawsi C) Saladin
D) Muhammad ibn Qasim E) Umar
C) Saladin
132
What was the impact of the Crusades on the Christian West?
A) Christians adopted military techniques, words, scientific learning, and Arabic numerals
among other things.
B) The Crusades interrupted the trade of the Mediterranean and cut off the West from Islam
until 1293.
C) There was no Muslim influence on the Christian West.
D) Christians rejected most Muslim influence, although they did gain a taste for Muslim wines
and liquors.
E) The Crusades led to an extension of feudalism through the use of Islamic silver.
A) Christians adopted military techniques, words, scientific learning, and Arabic numerals
among other things.
133
What was the level of trade in the Abbasid Empire? A) Long-distance trade with Africa, the Mediterranean, India, and China continued to flourish despite periodic interruption.
B) The economy shifted to a focus on trading only with other Muslims.
C) As a whole, long-distance trade along the traditional caravan routes virtually ceased during the Abbasid Empire.
D) Trade with the East grew, but the Crusades eliminated the western trade routes.
E) Trade with Africa and the Mediterranean continued to expand, but the wars in India
disrupted the eastern trade routes.
A) Long-distance trade with Africa, the Mediterranean, India, and China continued to flourish despite periodic interruption.
134
Which of the following was NOT a literary figure during the Abbasid Empire?
A) Sa'di B) Omar Khayyam C) Firdawsi
D) Muhammad ibn Qasim E) Ibn Rushd
D) Muhammad ibn Qasim
135
What group captured Baghdad in 1258?
A) Crusaders B) Seljuk Turks C) Avars D) Buyids
E) Mongols
E) Mongols
136
How did Islam and Hinduism differ?
A) Hinduism stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Islam was more rigid in terms of
orthodox belief.
B) Hinduism was monotheistic, while Islam was polytheistic but both had a supreme God.
C) Hinduism stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Islam embraced a caste-based social system.
D) Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism was more rigid in terms of
orthodox belief.
E) Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism embraced a caste-based social system.
E) Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism embraced a caste-based social system.
137
What was the most critical cultural advance as a result of the increased contact between Muslims
and Indian civilization?
A) India adopted Islamic science and Sufi literary techniques.
B) Muslim commerce was increasingly dominated by the merchant caste of India.
C) Muslims adopted the Indian system of mathematical notation.
D) Muslims adopted the highly stratified social system common in Indian civilization.
E) Muslims adopted the Hindu pantheon of gods.
C) Muslims adopted the Indian system of mathematical notation.
138
The Arabic camel nomads were referred to as
A) fellahin. B) Hashim. C) bedouin. D) mawali.
E) ayan
C) bedouin.
139
Leaders of bedouin clans were called
A) dhows. B) imams. C) wazirs. D) mawali.
E) shaykhs.
E) shaykhs.
140
What was the result of inter-clan rivalries?
A) They prevented mobility and migration that would have debilitated efforts at more complex
social organization.
B) They strengthened be bedouin and enabled them to challenge their neighbors.
C) They allowed for intermarriage between clan groups, thus preventing social isolation.
D) They tended to weaken the bedouin in comparison to neighboring peoples and empires.
E) They kept population down in a region that could support few people.
D) They tended to weaken the bedouin in comparison to neighboring peoples and empires.
141
What was the major difference between Medina and Mecca?
A) Political dominance in Medina was contested between a number of Jewish and bedouin
tribes.
B) Medina was located on the western side of the Arabian Peninsula, while Mecca was located
on the Persian Gulf.
C) Mecca was established in an oasis, and Medina was in a mountainous region.
D) Medina was engaged in long-distance caravan trade, while Mecca was not.
E) Medina was controlled by Coptic Christians while Mecca was controlled by the Banu Hashim
clan.
A) Political dominance in Medina was contested between a number of Jewish and bedouin
tribes.
142
What was the nature of pre-Islamic bedouin religion?
A) Most of the bedouin were Jews.
B) The bedouin were monotheists who worshipped Allah.
C) It was a blend of animism and polytheism.
D) Most of the bedouin were Christians.
E) The bedouins had no religious beliefs.
C) It was a blend of animism and polytheism.
143
When did Muhammad receive the first revelations that were eventually written down in the
Quran?
A) 550 C.E. B) 711 C.E. C) 622 C.E. D) 632 C.E. E) 610 C.E.
E) 610 C.E.
144
The Umayyads felt threatened by all of the following developments EXCEPT
A) Muhammad's destruction of the Ka'ba.
B) raids on their caravans.
C) the growing power of Medina.
D) disputes between rival families.
E) the development of Muhammad's religion
A) Muhammad's destruction of the Ka'ba.
145
What was the principle advantage of the Islamic concept of the umma?
A) It transcended old tribal boundaries and made possible political unity among Arab clans.
B) It provided dietary restrictions that allowed for more equitable distribution of food in Arabia.
C) It emphasized the value of individualism and fostered self-reliance among the bedouin tribes.
D) It provided for an annual treaty that would restore the trade routes of Arabia.
E) It provided a clear principle of political succession that would provide the basis for an Islamic
state.
A) It transcended old tribal boundaries and made possible political unity among Arab clans.
146
Which of the following is NOT among the "five pillars" of Islam?
A) Hajj B) Pilgrimage to Medina C) Charity
D) A confession of faith E) Fasting during Ramadan
B) Pilgrimage to Medina
147
The office of the political and religious successor of Muhammad was called
A) Caliph. B) Karbala. C) Ayan. D) wazir. E) dhow
A) Caliph.
148
Which of the following areas of the Byzantine Empire was NOT conquered by the Muslims by 650
C.E.?
A) Egypt B) Asia Minor C) Syria D) Palestine
E) Iraq
B) Asia Minor
149
The political and theological faction within Islam that recognized only Ali and the descendants of
the family of Muhammad as rightful rulers was called
A) Shi'a. B) Sunnis. C) Kharij. D) Sufis. E) Fiqhs.
A) Shi'a
150
```
The first kingdoms in eastern Africa below the Sahara showed the influence of
A) Egypt and Hellenism.
B) the flight of Jews from Israel.
C) Indian merchants and missionaries.
D) Persia.
E) Rome and Phoenicia.
```
A) Egypt and Hellenism.
151
By 600 C. E., an early civilization was beginning to take shape in
A) the west coast of North America. B) the West Indies. C) Russia. D) Brazil. E) Central America.
E) Central America.
152
Japan developed a religion called
| A) Shintoism. B) Buddhism. C) Eastern Orthodox. D) Zoroastrianism. E) Jainism.
A) Shintoism.
153
Nomadic invaders often had military advantages over the armies of empires because
A) they had larger forces with more soldiers.
B) they were more skilled as horsemen.
C) they developed better supply lines.
D) they believed they were fighting inferior cultures. E) they had smaller distances to cover
B) they were more skilled as horsemen.
154
The end of the Gupta Empire differed from the decline of Rome in that it did not involve
A) a change in political institutions.
B) the introduction of a new religion for the majority. C) outside invasions such as the Huns and others. D) the weakening of central government.
E) big cultural changes.
B) the introduction of a new religion for the majority.
155
Which of the following best survived the Hun invasions in India?
A) Political unity B) Hindu beliefs C) Aryan traditions D) Buddhist beliefs E) Nationalist beliefs
B) Hindu beliefs
156
Events in late Han China and the late Roman Empire show that the decline of a civilization,
whether temporary or permanent,
A) results from social rebellion in which the poor attack the rich and destroy their institutions.
B) follows inevitably from centralized, unrepresentative government.
C) results from a lack of religious conviction.
D) is not simply the result of attack by outside invaders.
E) results from undue dependence on slavery.
D) is not simply the result of attack by outside invaders.
157
If the Greek genius was politics, the Roman genius was
| A) agriculture. B) science. C) engineering. D) poetry. E) music.
C) engineering
158
The two Mediterranean powers fighting in the Punic Wars were
A) Sicily and Ionia. B) Egypt and the Persian Empire. C) Carthage and Rome. D) Athens and Sparta. E) Macedonia and Crete.
C) Carthage and Rome
159
Compared to modern American ideas of democracy, Athenian democracy was distinctive in A) urging that all citizens participate directly in lawmaking and policymaking.
B) electing representatives to govern the city-state. C) separating foreign residents from citizens.
D) naming experienced leaders as military generals. E) urging that the state adopt policies to benefit ordinary citizens
A) urging that all citizens participate directly in lawmaking and policymaking
160
Greek politics resembled Indian politics in
A) the wide interest in diverse political theory.
B) the role of slave labor in providing revenues.
C) the tendency of regional fragmentation.
D) the use of military rulers.
E) the inclusion of women as political leaders
C) the tendency of regional fragmentation.
161
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From a Confucian viewpoint, the Roman Empire might have been criticized for placing too much
confidence in
A) public works functions.
B) laws rather than trained officials.
C) harsh punishments of criminals.
D) religious conviction.
E) divine status of the emperor.
```
B) laws rather than trained officials.
162
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Republican Romans and democratic Athenians would have agreed that all of the following were
politically important EXCEPT
A) division of powers within the state.
B) proper worship of the gods.
C) a strong military.
D) splendid public buildings.
E) an involved citizenry
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A) division of powers within the state.
163
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The Senate of republican Rome particularly represented
A) the non-native Romans.
B) the landed aristocracy.
C) the urban workers.
D) the emperors.
E) the merchants and businessmen.
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B) the landed aristocracy.
164
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Which of the following does NOT help explain why India was invaded more often than China?
A) Hostility to warfare
B) Regional diversities
C) Greater contact with other societies
D) Political tradition
E) Geographical position
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A) Hostility to warfare
165
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The Aryan conquerors brought to India
A) its first civilization.
B) political democracy.
C) admiration for India's earlier inhabitants.
D) new agricultural techniques.
E) distinctive religious ideas.
```
E) distinctive religious ideas.
166
The Mauryan dynasty differed from the Gupta dynasty in that
A) it ruled a larger territory. B) it was imposed by conquerors from Greece. C) Mauryan rulers opposed the caste system. D) it attacked Buddhist beliefs. E) it refused to develop a strong army.
A) it ruled a larger territory.
167
India's political tradition
A) emphasized the emperor as Son of Heaven. B) insisted on religious uniformity. C) required frequent wars of expansion. D) stressed the importance of regional and local units. E) involved the renunciation of violence and warfare
D) stressed the importance of regional and local units.
168
The Indian caste system served to an extent as a political institution by
A) promoting a belief in individual rights.
B) creating widespread interest in constitutional issues.
C) causing unrest and rebellion.
D) unifying the subcontinent under a single government.
E) enforcing rules about social behavior.
E) enforcing rules about social behavior.
169
Confucian and Hindu values both
A) urged the importance of political activity.
B) resulted in the building of magnificent temples. C) focused attention on the afterlife.
D) helped justify and preserve social inequality.
E) tried to outlaw war.
D) helped justify and preserve social inequality.
170
Hindu ethics involved
A) a detailed set of prohibitions on sexual activity. B) finding ultimate happiness. C) condemnations of money-making. D) attack on all opposing religious faiths. E) emphasis on an individual carrying out the obligations of life.
E) emphasis on an individual carrying out the obligations of life
171
One difference between classical civilizations and river valley civilizations was that in classical
civilizations
A) most people farmed the land. B) writing was developed. C) beliefs were widely held. D) trade was introduced. E) political organizations were more elaborate.
E) political organizations were more elaborate.
172
One difference between classical China and the earlier Huanghe river valley civilization was that
A) China became relatively isolated. B) farming was important. C) traditions emphasized the harmony of nature. D) irrigation was widely practiced. E) human sacrifices were suppressed.
E) human sacrifices were suppressed.
173
A "dynasty" in Chinese history was
A) powerful bureaucrats who ran the state.
B) big business families who monopolized overseas trade.
C) any emperor who lasted more than two decades. D) a family that passed the imperial title from generation to generation.
E) kings dominated by foreign interests.
D) a family that passed the imperial title from generation to generation.
174
The "Son of Heaven" concept promoted all of the following EXCEPT
A) centralization of power in the state. B) the remoteness of emperor from subjects. C) an explanation of the decline of dynasties. D) priests' control of the state. E) loyalty to the emperor.
D) priests' control of the state.
175
The Qin dynasty differed from the Zhou dynasty in that
A) it eventually declined and fell. B) it lasted longer. C) it practiced Confucianism. D) it was defeated by invading Huns E) it was more centralized...
E) it was more centralized.
176
All of the following constituted a function of government in Han China EXCEPT
A) promotion of Confucian beliefs. B) large construction projects. C) promotion of scientific research. D) punishment of criminals. E) schools for peasant boys
E) schools for peasant boys
177
Chinese views of nature emphasized
A) that nature was uncontrollable. B) harmony and balance. C) deities that punished sinful people. D) that the key to understanding lay through scientific experiments. E) a powerful, all-seeing God.
B) harmony and balance.
178
The Paleolithic Age refers to
A) the period in which simple stone tools were developed. B) the period before people learned how to communicate. C) the latest of the two stone ages. D) the period before the full development of the Homo sapiens species. E) the period at which agriculture was developed.
A) the period in which simple stone tools were developed.
179
A characteristic of the human species before the advent of civilization was
A) the ability to spread to various geographic settings and climate zones. B) the ability to organize large political units. C) land ownership was equal. D) the inability to communicate about abstractions such as death. E) that all tasks were shared equally by men and women.
A) the ability to spread to various geographic settings and climate zones.
180
The development of agriculture caused important changes in all of the following EXCEPT
A) population size and life expectancy. B) the tendency to believe in many gods. C) the stability of human settlements. D) male-female relations. E) the development of complex social patterns.
B) the tendency to believe in many gods.
181
The Neolithic revolution occurred first in
A) Egypt. B) China. C) Central America.
D) the Middle East. E) India.
D) the Middle East.
182
Why did the original inhabitants of Australia not develop agriculture?
A) Australian soil was too barren to grow crops.
B) They were too isolated to learn of developments elsewhere until recently. C) Australia never experienced an ice age. D) The Australian climate was too severe. E) They were prevented from doing so by the Neolithic revolution
B) They were too isolated to learn of developments elsewhere until recently.
183
Once developed, metal tools were preferred over stone tools for all of the following reasons
EXCEPT
A) they were easier for ordinary people to make at home. B) they could be used to make accurate weapons. C) they were more durable. D) they were sharper and more precise. E) they permitted more diverse shapes.
A) they were easier for ordinary people to make at home.
184
The monarch most associated with absolute monarchy was
A) Frederick William of Prussia. B) Charles I of England. C) William of Orange of the Netherlands. D) Joseph II of Austria. E) Louis XIV of France
E) Louis XIV of France
185
Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT accurate?
A) The Renaissance was built on a more commercialized economy. B) The Renaissance had a southern and northern phase. C) The Renaissance challenged medieval intellectual values and styles. D) The Renaissance was largely an artistic movement that began in Italy. E) The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization.
E) The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization.
186
Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Renaissance on politics and commerce?
A) Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent and violent. B) City-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions and justified their authority on the basis of what they could do to advance the general well-being. C) Renaissance merchants improved banking techniques and became more capitalist. D) The city-states introduced the regular exchange of ambassadors and the exercise of diplomacy. E) They experimented with new political forms that did not stress heredity or divine guidance.
A) Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent and violent.
187
Johannes Gutenberg was responsible for
) A) the split that occurred in the Catholic church in the late 1500s. B) the defeat of the Catholic forces during the Thirty Years War. C) the invention of movable type in the West. D) the construction of Wittenberg cathedral during the 15th century. E) the unification of the Holy Roman Empire in 1537.
C) the invention of movable type in the West.
188
By the 16th century, at what age did most Europeans marry?
| A) 16-19 B) 28-29 C) 23-24 D) 20-22 E) 25-27
B) 28-29
189
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason Luther picked up
widespread support among the German elite?
A) Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman emperor instead of
the pope. B) Luther was seen as anti-Muslim and many German princes saw a way to expand their power into eastern Europe. C) Luther's support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy
Roman emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism. D) Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany. E) German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor,
seize church lands, and control the church in their territories.
E) German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor,
seize church lands, and control the church in their territories.
190
The theological foundation of Jean Calvin's Protestantism was
A) the doctrine of penance. B) the sacraments.
C) predestination. D) iconodulism. E) solipsism.
C) predestination.
191
What new religious order was associated with the Catholic Reformation?
A) Cistercians B) Jesuits C) Calvinists D) Benedictines E) Franciscans
B) Jesuits
192
The religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation led generally to
A) the establishment of Protestant dominance.
B) a limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism. C) the end of the involvement of the state in religion. D) the restoration of Catholic unity. E) a monolithic Protestantism in Europe.
B) a limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism.
193
Which of the following was NOT typical of the commercial revolution of the 16th century?
A) Stimulation of manufacturing B) Formation of great trading companies C) Significant reduction in prices encouraging consumer spending D) Substantial imports of American bullion E) New goods became available
C) Significant reduction in prices encouraging consumer spending
194
Which of the following was a Western response to the commercial revolution of the 16th century
that was proletarian in outlook?
A) A more elaborate family life including greater material wealth B) A wave of popular protests resulting in uprisings caused by social tensions C) Greater admiration for the merchant class and the Catholic church D) A more caring attitude toward the problems of the poor E) Greater belief in personal achievement and the demystification of nature
B) A wave of popular protests resulting in uprisings caused by social tensions
195
What was Isaac Newton's work published in 1687 that drew various theories together into a
framework of natural laws?
A) Analects B) Novum Organum C) Principia Mathematica D) Analogica Pedagogica E) ArsMystica
C) Principia Mathematica
196
All of the following were typical of 16th century absolute monarchy EXCEPT
A) the cessation of parliamentary government. B) constant warfare among monarchs. C) a professionalized army. D) the destruction of provincial councils. E) a growing bureaucracy.
D) the destruction of provincial councils.
197
Besides France, where else did absolute monarchy develop during the period 1450 to 1750?
A) Prussia B) The Netherlands C) Britain D) Italy E) Poland
A) Prussia
198
The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution spilled over into a new intellectual movement in the 18th
century called the
A) Baroque Era. B) Renaissance. C) Risorgimento. D) Great Awakening. E) Enlightenment.
E) Enlightenment.
199
Which of the following changes associated with treatment of children was associated with the
Enlightenment?
A) Childhood was no longer perceived as a stage for learning and growth. B) Swaddling of infants continued as a means of protecting infants from injury. C) Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young
children. D) Childhood became a period of time where the labor of the children was freely available to the
family. E) Physical discipline of children to encourage their development became more common.
C) Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young
children.
