Final

Question 0

Lifespan development spans a range of interests that specialists in development can consider. A researcher wants to examine the effects of the 66 year old woman’s sons birth on long-range development. Which of the following could possibly be an area of interest?

Answer 0

Investigating behavior at the level of biological processes to determine whether the infants functioning was affected by the advanced age of his mother.

Question 1

______ development is the field of study that examines the patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan.

Answer 1

Lifespan

Question 2

In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a _______ approach.

Answer 2

Scientific

Question 3

A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. Her 9am class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes while her 10am class will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess the students progress after six lessons. What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment?

Answer 3

Scientific

Question 4

The cast majority of lifespan development focuses on…

Answer 4

Human development.

Question 5

A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body’s makeup is interested in _____ development.

Answer 5

Physical

Question 6

A researcher working with college age football players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athletes decline in physical performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying?

Answer 6

Physical

Question 7

______ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior.

Answer 7

Cognitive

Question 8

Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long term study to see how problem solving skills change over time as school age students move from elementary school to high school to college. What type of development are the researchers most likely studying?

Answer 8

Cognitive

Question 9

Researchers who use intellectual testing (IQ) as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researcher _________ development.

Answer 9

Cognitive

Question 10

______ development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span.

Answer 10

Personality

Question 11

A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study. Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, attitudes, and adaptability, as well as being available for follow-up for the next 10 years. The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in _______ development.

Answer 11

Personality

Question 12

_______ development involves the way in which individuals interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change and remain stable over the course of life.

Answer 12

Social

Question 13

What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a significant or traumatic even early in like would remember that even later in life?

Answer 13

Cognitive

Question 14

A researcher is interested in conducting a study to determine whether people who experiences a devastating event, such as a house fire where the family lost everything, suffer lasting effects from such devastation early in life. This researcher is interested in the ______ development of the subject.

Answer 14

Cognitive

Question 15

Lifespan developmentalist typically look at which of the following areas?

Answer 15

a particular age range

Question 16

A developmental researcher who is interested in studying what senses are used most often by a child or what the long-term results of premature birth are would be studying _______ development.

Answer 16

physical

Question 17

If a developmental researcher is studying what the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy are, or what the intellectual consequences of watching television are, in what developmental are is the researcher interested in?

Answer 17

cognitive

Question 18

A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called

Answer 18

age ranges

Question 19

The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist during the ______ century.

Answer 19

seventeeth

Question 20

Which age range is considered a social construction and does not have a clear-cut boundary?

Answer 20

middle adulthood end with retirement

Question 21

In western culture, what age is considered young adult?

Answer 21

20

Question 22

Walter is a college student who is about to graduate from college. At what age would he most likely consider that a substantial change is occurring in his life?

Answer 22

when he leaves college and enters the workforce at age 22

Question 23

To gain a clearer understanding, developmentalists must consider all of the following broad cultural factors except

Answer 23

how subcultures are exactly like cultures in their views and attitudes

Question 24

When discussing developmental diversity, what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential?

Answer 24

constant contact between themselves and their infant children

Question 25

Race is what kind of a concept?

Answer 25

biological

Question 26

When Allison was completing her medical forms in in the doctors office, she was asked to indicate her race. What may be an appropriate reason for the question of the forms?

Answer 26

to establish biological factors

Question 27

A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a

Answer 27

Cohort

Question 28

The concept of race is exceedingly imprecise for all of the following reasons except

Answer 28

names can best reflect different races and ethnic groups

Question 29

People who lived in NYC during 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center experienced shared challenges due to the attack that are called ______ effects.

Answer 29

cohort

Question 30

Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individual in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______ influences.

Answer 30

age-graded

Question 31

Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of pearl harbor, can be considered

Answer 31

history-graded influences

Question 32

A biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies is an example of

Answer 32

puberty

Question 33

Alice's symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle. Alice's doctor tells her she is experiencing an

Answer 33

age-graded influence

Question 34

When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called

Answer 34

sociocultural-graded influences

Question 35

In _____, development is ________, with achievements at one level building on those previous levels.

Answer 35

continuous change; gradual

Question 36

In _______ development, each stage is

Answer 36

discontinuous change; distinct.

Question 37

Consider a situation where a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of

Answer 37

critical period

Question 38

Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages is called _______ change

Answer 38

discontinuous

Question 39

A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequence and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called

Answer 39

critical period

Question 40

Early developmentalists focused their attention on

Answer 40

infancy and adolescence

Question 41

In a ______, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

Answer 41

sensitive period

Question 42

What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?

Answer 42

How much of people's behavior is due to their genetically-determined nature and how much is due to nurture?

Question 43

"Nature" refers to

Answer 43

traits, abilities, and capabilities inherited from parents

Question 44

The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as

Answer 44

maturation

Question 45

Environmental influences that shape behavior are referred to as

Answer 45

nurture

Question 46

Wilma used both cocaine and alcohol during her pregnancy, and this considered a _______ impact upon environmental influences known as _______

Answer 46

biological; nurture

Question 47

Genetically-determined traits not only directly influence a child's _______, but also indirectly shape the child's ________

Answer 47

behavior, enviroment

Question 49

Bob and Marion high level of responsibility to their baby's persistent crying demonstrates an _______ influence on the baby's development.

Answer 49

environmental

Question 50

Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called _______ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles.

Answer 50

theories

Question 51

Advocates of the _______ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.

Answer 51

psychodynamic

Question 52

Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior. This is called the _______ perspective.

Answer 52

psychoanalytic

Question 53

The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with

Answer 53

Freud

Question 54

Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the _____ theory.

Answer 54

phallic

Question 55

Which of the following suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior?

Answer 55

psychoanalytic theory

Question 56

Freud believed that the _____ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.

Answer 56

unconscious

Question 57

The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control is called the

Answer 57

psychodynamic perspective

Question 58

According to Freud, which part of everyone's personality operates according to the "pleasure principle"?

Answer 58

id

Question 59

Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to

Answer 59

maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

Question 60

Freud believed that the ______ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

Answer 60

ego

Question 61

Freud believed that the ego operates on the

Answer 61

reality principle

Question 62

If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed

Answer 62

ego

Question 63

The ______ is Freud's representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong.

Answer 63

superego

Question 64

To Freud, "superego" and _____ are interchangeable terms.

Answer 64

conscience

Question 65

Freud believed that the _______ begins to develop around ages five or six and is learned from significant authority figures.

Answer 65

superego

Question 66

According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called

Answer 66

psychosexual development

Question 67

Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing an ______ fixation.

Answer 67

oral

Question 68

Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson's _____ stage of psychosocial development.

Answer 68

identity vs. role diffusion

Question 69

Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson's _______ stage of psychosocial development.

Answer 69

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 70

As warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life's accomplishments. He can be said to be in Erikson's _______ stage of psychosocial development.

Answer 70

ego-integrity vs. despair

Question 71

Suri identifies with her mother as a role model. She has passed through Freud's ____ stage of psychosexual development.

Answer 71

phallic

Question 72

Frued believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage, _____ may occur.

Answer 72

fixation

Question 73

Psychoanalyst ___ provided and alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development.

Answer 73

Erikson

Question 74

Erikson proposed a ______ theory, which emphasies that society and culture influence and shape us.

Answer 74

psychosocial

Question 75

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development proposes ______ distinct stages.

Answer 75

8

Question 76

Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a ______ that the individual must resolve

Answer 76

crisis

Question 77

Erikson's theory differs from Freud's on that Erikson believed that development

Answer 77

continues throughout lifespan

Question 78

The ____ ____ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment.

Answer 78

behavioral persepctive

Question 79

_____ theories assume that if people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed, developmental change is _____

Answer 79

behavioral; quantitative

Question 80

A type of learning in which organisms respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

Answer 80

classical conditiong

Question 81

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called

Answer 81

operant conditioning

Question 82

Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development?

Answer 82

Watson

Question 83

Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl, and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful. Watson would say that Judy's reaction is a result of _____ conditioning.

Answer 83

classical

Question 84

_____ ______ is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.

Answer 84

operant conditioning

Question 85

____ conditioning, in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful, differs from ____ conditioning, where the response is automatic.

Answer 85

operant; classical

Question 86

Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by

Answer 86

Skinner

Question 87

Behavior modification depends upon what principle

Answer 87

operant conditioning

Question 88

Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school. This type of behavior is called

Answer 88

reinforcement

Question 89

Roger likes to buy lottery tickets regularly because he occasionally wins. This is an example of ____ behavior.

Answer 89

reinforcement

Question 90

The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future is considered ____ learning.

Answer 90

punishment

Question 91

Alice used to do her math homework regularly and studied hard for tests although she continued to have difficult getting passing grades; disheartened, Alice began to put less effort into her math homework, and eventually she failed math. This is an example of what type of behavior?

Answer 91

punishment

Question 92

Behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be

Answer 92

extinguished

Question 93

______ _______ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Answer 93

behavior modification

Question 94

What is the learning approach that emphasizes the learning by observing the behavior of another person, called modeling?

Answer 94

social-cognitive learning

Question 95

Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning?

Answer 95

modeling

Question 96

Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model?

Answer 96

Bandura

Question 97

According to classical and operant conditioning, with their "black box" analyses, people and other organisms' behavior and learning are understood in terms of _____, _____ stimuli.

Answer 97

observable, external

Question 98

Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of

Answer 98

mental activity

Question 99

Which form of the behavioral perspective learning styles has come to a predominant position in recent decades and is based on learning through imitation?

Answer 99

social-cognitive theory

Question 100

_____ focuses on the processes tat allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.

Answer 100

the cognitive perspective

Question 101

The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world is called the

Answer 101

cognitive perspective

Question 102

Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development?

Answer 102

Piaget

Question 103

_____ is/are a theory of how human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions.

Answer 103

Schemes

Question 104

Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are

Answer 104

assimilation and accomodation

Question 105

What did Piaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

Answer 105

assimilation

Question 106

What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

Answer 106

accomodation

Question 107

What has become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?

Answer 107

information processing

Question 108

Which type of approach grew out of the development of electronic processing of information, where even complex behavior such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps?

Answer 108

informational processing

Question 109

Piaget's view assumes that thinking undergoes ______ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by ____ advantages.

Answer 109

qualitative; quantitative

Question 110

An information processing approach that builds on Piaget's research is known as ______ theory because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills.

Answer 110

neo-piagetian

Question 111

What learning model seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information?

Answer 111

information processing

Question 112

What approach builds on Piaget's research, and views cognition as made up of different types of individual skills, while using terminology from information processing approaches?

Answer 112

neo-piagetian

Question 113

What aspect of development are not adequately addressed by the information-processing approach?

Answer 113

creativity and social/cultural development

Question 114

What type of developmental approach is cutting edge and at the forefront of research when working with genes associated with mental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia?

Answer 114

cognitive neuroscience

Question 115

Which developmental approach looks at cognitive development through the lens of brain underlies thinking, problem solving, and cognitive behavior?

Answer 115

cognitive neuroscience

Question 116

What approach examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes?

Answer 116

cognitive neuroscience

Question 117

What theory contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives?

Answer 117

humanistic

Question 118

The ____ perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to control their behavior.

Answer 118

humanistic

Question 119

According to this perspective, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives is called

Answer 119

Free will

Question 120

Which theorists championed the idea of self actualization?

Answer 120

Rogers & Maslow

Question 121

Eleanor Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, and Albert Einstein are used as examples of

Answer 121

self-actualization

Question 122

Which perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

Answer 122

contextual

Question 123

Who was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective and suggested that all people need positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected?

Answer 123

Rogers