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1
Q

Types of Cerebral Palsy and definitions

A
  • Spastic (most common): tense contracted muscles
  • Athetoid: constant, uncontrolled motion of limbs, head and eyes
  • Ataxic: core sense of balance, often causing falls and stumbles
  • Rigidity: tight muscles that resist efforts to make them move
  • Tremor: Uncontrolled shaking, interfering this coordination
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2
Q

Cerebral Palsy Topographic types and meanings

A
  • Hemiplegia: one side of the body is affected (arm more than leg)
  • Monoplegia: only one limb is affected (usually arm)
  • Tripleglia: three limbs are involved (usually both arms and leg)
  • Quadriplegia: all four limbs are involved
  • Diplegia: all four limbs are involved. Both legs are more severely affected than arms.
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3
Q

What causes Cerebral Palsy

A

It’s congenital
before or at birth
lack of oxygen

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4
Q

Comorbid with Cerebral Palsy

A

Epilepsy and siezure disorders

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5
Q

What is a TBI

A

Traumatic Brain Injury: a term that describes sudden and physical damage and trauma to the brain

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6
Q

Signs of a TBI

A
  • Headaches or neck pain that don’t go away
  • difficulty remembering, concentrating, or making decisions
  • slowness in thinking, speaking, acting, or reading
  • Getting lost or easily confused
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7
Q

Types of TBI

A

Penetrating brain injuries
Close head injuries

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8
Q

Hemorragic contusion

A

“brain bruise”

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9
Q

Device to reduce intracranial pressure from swelling

A

ICP monitor

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10
Q

Secondary closed head injury

A

Evolves overtime after trauma has occurred

Brain swelling
Increased pressure inside the skull
Seizures
Intracranial infection
Fever
Hematoma

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11
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A

“Split Spine”
Caused by incomplete closure of the neural tube usually in lower back.

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12
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

The boney vertebrae is open, but the spine is within the spinal canal
“hidden”

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13
Q

Spina Bifida Meningocele

A

The boney vertebrae is open part of the meninges is protruding out of the spinal canal

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14
Q

Spina Bidida Myelomeningocele

A

The boney vertebrae is open, part of the meninges and part (or all) of the spinal cord is protruding out of the spinal canal

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15
Q

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

A

Arthritis in children under 16 with inflammation lasting at least six weeks

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16
Q

JIA Etiology

A

Immune mediated disease
Complex genetic predispositions
Environmengtal triggers: infections, trauma, stress

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17
Q

What is Meningitis

A

Inflammation in the meninges
A disease caused by infection of the protective membranes, covering the spinal cord, known as the meninges

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18
Q

Usual cause of meningitis

A

An infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Symptoms of meningitis

A

Fever, neck pain, sleepiness, vomiting, joint pain, rash, headache, seizures, light sensitivity

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20
Q

Complications of meningitis

A

Hearing loss, problems with memory and concentration, problems with coordination and balance, learning difficulties, speech problems, vision loss, epilepsy

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21
Q

Cystic fibrosis is…

A

Recessive genetic disorder
Chronic bacterial infection in the airways and sinuses and elevated concentrations of chloride in sweat

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22
Q

Lupus is…

A

Autoimmune disease where your bodys immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal healthy tissue

80% of children diagnosed are female

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23
Q

Lupus presentation

Study These Flashcards
A

Malar (or butterfly) rash across nose and cheeks
Discoid (disc shaped) rash
Sensitivity to light
Oral ulcers

24
Q

Childhood lupus

Study These Flashcards
A

Starts with fatigue and achiness
Treatable with medication

25
4 parts of the brain and their responsibilities
Top front - Frontal Lobe: Speech Top back - Parietal Lobe: Taste, speech, and reading Bottom front - Temporal Lobe: Hearing and smell Bottom Back - Occipital Lobe: Vision
26
5 theories of language
- Behavioural: children learn from imitation (Skinner, 1957) - Psycholinguistic: children are born to learn language (Chomsky, 1965) - Semantic/Cognitive: both nature and nurture (Bloom, 1970) - Sociolinguistic: both nature and nurture (Bates, 1976) - Interactionist: both nature and nurture (Bloom & Lahey, 1978)
27
Voice is..
Air passing through vocal cords
28
Speech is...
Changing the sounds to form specific sounds
29
Language is...
Modulating your voice Knowing rules Forming words Order
30
Common articulation errors
Substitutions: th for s, k for t Omissions: syllables or sounds Distortions: lateral s Additions
31
Factors/skills within communication
Play skills Receptive language Nonverbal Pragmatics (social skills) Expressive language Pre language skills
32
Factors/skills within speech and language development
Prelinguistic vocalizations Receptive/expressive Echolalic Speech Holophrastic (speech one word) Telegraphic speech (speech 2 words)
33
Language environment for infants
Is not solely auditory. Most language exposure comes from face to face interaction with adults Naming explosion occurs at about 18 months. language builds rapidly at 50-100+ words per month Same patterns with deaf infants and sign language (babbling still occurs)
34
Speech disorders
Articulation: omissions, substitutions, distortion Voice: pitch, hoarseness, loudness Dysfluencies: stuttering
35
Language problems are..
Receptive (comprehension) and/or Expressive (production)
36
5 language intervention pricipals
Early intervention Parental involvement Naturalistic Environment Social interaction Functional outcomes
37
Stages of second language acquisition
Use of home language Observational/listening period Telegraphic and formulaic speech Fluid language use
38
Causes of TBI
45%: motor vehicle accidents 30%: falls 10%: occupational accidents 10%: recreational accidents 5%: assault
39
How do we hear
1. Sound waves are funneled into ear 2. Sound waves vibrate ear drum 3. Ear drum moves bones in middle ear 4. Middle ear bones move fluid in the inner ear 5. Fluidocss hIr cells which send a signal through the auditory nerve. Mouse Trap analogy - chain reaction
40
Hydrocephalus
A condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid occurs within the brain. Typically causes increased pressure inside skull
41
Causes of Hydrocephalus
- Spina bifida and other brain and spinal cord (neural tube) defects. - Pregnancy or birth complications - TBI - Stroke. - Brain or spinal cord tumors. - Meningitis or other infections of your brain or spinal cord.
42
2 types of Hematomas
Scalp - appears as a bump on the head. Damage to external skin and muscle, will not affect brain Epidural - blood accumulates between skull and dura mater
43
2 Kinds of hearing loss
Conductive: problem with outer or middle ear. Blockage of sound conduction to ear Sensorineural: problem with cochlea, cochlear nerve, central pathways Differentiated using the Weber and Rinne Tests
44
How is hearing tested?
Otoacoustic Emissions Sounds are presented to the ear canal and a small microphone measures the response in the ear canal Auditory brainstem response Sounds are presented and surface. Electroid’s measure brain stem activity.
45
Delayed hearing loss diagnosis can lead to
Impaired language development A barrier to socialization Misinterpretation of unresponsive (baby) Social problems with peers
46
Otitis Media is...
Fluid in the ear Inflammation of middle ear
47
Levels of Otitis Media
Some fluid (air fluid levels) Effusion (full of fluid)
48
What is used for chronis Otitis Media?
Myringotomy, or small grommets, surgically placed in the eardrum
49
Leading cause of vision impairment in the world
Uncorrected refractive error needing glasses or misshapen eye
50
Myopia/Myopic
Nearsighted, eyeball is too long Distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal
51
Hyperopia/Hyperopic
Farsightedness, eyeball is too short Distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry.
52
Amblyopia
Lazy eye disorder of sight in which the brain fails to fully process input from one eye and over time favours the other eye.
53
Strabismus
Cross eye vision disorder in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. Eye pointed at object can alternate.
54
Telegraphic speech
The use of short 2-3 word sentences
55
The meninges are...
The protective membrane of the spinal cord
56
Parts of eye
Iris: controls amount of light entering Pupil: controls field of vision Lens Retina: image is projected to Optic nerve:

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