Final Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
AIA
A
American Institute of Architects; offers education, government
advocacy, community redevelopment, and public outreach to
support the architecture profession in the USA.
2
Q
Architect
A
A professional licensed to practice architecture
3
Q
HSW
A
Health, Safety, and Welfare; the primary core values of the
architect’s role to the public.
4
Q
Contract
A
A formal and legally binding written agreement that defines the
relationships and terms involved in a design and/or construction
project.
5
Q
Permits
A
A building permit is issued allowing a contractor to start construction after local officials have reviewed the construction documents and ensure they comply with the local standards.
6
Q
AHJ
A
Authority Having Jurisdiction, may apply to the building inspector, fire department deputy, or individual trade inspectors.
7
Q
Substantial Completion
A
A project, or portion of a project, is completed to the point it can
be used for its intended use.
8
Q
Standard of Care
A
Providing the same level of professional service and skill as others in the same position or circumstances.
9
Q
The Building Enterprise
A
Clients, Owners, Designers, Finance, Regulations, Constructors
10
Q
Types of Clients
A
Federal & Govt, State & Local Govt, Community, Commercial, Institutional, Residential
11
Q
The 5 P’s That Influence The Selection of an Architect
A
Promotion, Product, People, Place, Price
12
Q
Client Responsibilities
A
• Program / Budget / Schedule
• Representative
• Property Surveys and Data
• Geotechnical engineering
• Coordination of Owner supplied consultants
• Independent testing and reports
• Respond and approve with a timely manor
13
Q
Basic Project Structure
A
Client - Architect/Contractor
14
Q
Sole Proprietor Business Structure
A
• Single Individual owner
• Great flexibility, make all decisions for business
• Receives all profits or losses of business
• Individually liable for all liabilities of the business
15
Q
Partnership
A
• Minimum of two owners, but can be more
• Contractual agreement, typically need unanimous decisions to
make decisions for business
• Business capital raised by loans or contributions from partners,
each receives profits/losses of business based on percentage of
their contribution
• Each partner is individually liable for a portion of the business
16
Q
S Corporations & Corporations
A
• Business operates as its own entity, liability of
company is not transferrable to owner’s
individual assets
• Multiple owners (S Corporation limited to 75)
• Owners purchase stock shares of business
• Business decisions often made by elected
Board of Directors
• Stock owners have voting rights based on
ownership of shares
• Profits/losses distributed based on value and
ownership of shares
17
Q
Limited Liability Company
A
• Hybrid of a partnership and a corporation.
• Multiple share holders
• Liability limited to the capital contribution of each shareholder
• All owners must meet professional licensing requirement
• Business decisions made by professional managers
18
Q
SD
A
Schematic Design
19
Q
Cx
A
Commissioning
20
Q
CA
A
Construction Administration
21
Q
FFE
A
Furniture, Fixtures & Equipment
22
Q
NSF
A
Net Square Feet
23
Q
CM
A
Construction Manager
24
Q
GSF
A
Gross Square Feet
25
CD
Construction Documents
26
AOR
Architect of Record
27
OPM
Owners PM
28
DD
Design Development
29
MEP-FP
Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, and Fire Protection
30
Schematic Design
Analysis of the owners program, site, and budget; preliminary design studies in sketch form and a preliminary estimate of construction costs.
- Program Diagrams
- Function Diagrams
-Site Plans, Floor Plans
31
Design Development
Further development of the Schematic Design; defining of basic project systems and materials; decision on project size, dimensions, architectural character; update estimate.
- Precise Floor Plans
32
Construction Documentation
Detailed design of the project, including all engineering design, selection of materials, establishment of dimensions, construction assembly details, construction notes (required to obtain construction bids and building approvals.
- Working Drawings
- Specifications
- Building Information
33
Specifications
Describes nature and quality of the work, materials to be used, how work is to be performed
Performance–describes function/operation, give contractor flexibility
Prescriptive–detailed description, incl. reference standards, products based on performance, and installation specifics
Proprietary–requires and accepts only one specific product or supplier
- Considered a “Closed” spec, while others are “Open”
34
Procurement
During or after completion of the construction document assisting the client in finding. Screening. Selecting qualifies general contractors from whom a contract may be negotiated; assisting the client in reviewing bids and awarding contracts.
- Bids
- Contracts
- Modified Design Docs
35
Construction Admin
Representing or assisting the client in administering the construction contract, including making design changes, site visits, reviewing the contractor’s work, requests for payments, checking shop drawings, mediating disputes between Owner and General Contractor.
36
Program Development
*Research the Project Type
*Project Goals
*Gather & analyze information
*Diagram process & relationships
37
Site Evaluation
*Property limits
*Setbacks
*Environmental
*Transportation factors
38
New Construction Project Research
*Zoning by-laws
*Previous approved projects
*Approval process
*Legal Review
*Cash Flow and ROI Analysis
*BOMA (Building Owners and Managers Association) calculations
39
Factors To Consider In Project Delivery Selection
*Budget–how much does client want to spend?
*Design–what the final project will look like & how it will function?
*Risks–exposure to danger, financial loss and harm to the brand
*Schedule –a timetable for completion & payments
*Owner Expertise –a company’s experience in similar projects
40
Design-Bid-Build
*Two separate contracts (owner-architect & owner-contractor)
*Best understood
*Linear sequence of work (longest delivery)
*Retain control of design
*Procurement laws are well defined
*Low first cost (bidding)
- Litigious
- Contractor has no input
- Owner is responsible for cost changes
41
CM at Risk
*Two contractors (architects & contractor)
*CM is selected on qualifications & fees
*Open book on costs / flexibility to price the project
*Some construction risks are transferred to GC
*Risks can push CM to not act as agent of owner
*Retain control of design
*Contractor involved early
*Flexibility to price the project
- Owner responsible for changes
- Owner selects CM
- Architet may not take input from CM
42
CM Multiprime
*Many contracts (architect, contractor, subcontractors)
*Linear design
*CM is selected on qualifications
*Retain control of design
*Contractor involved early
*Combine fast track & lowest bids
- Owner responsible for changes
- lack of subcontractor
- exposure for CM lack of oversight
43
Design Build
*Single point of contact/responsibility
*Often is fastest delivery
*Most cost effective
*Requires a well defined scope & timely decisions
*Owner retains control of design
*Construction input occurs during the design process
*Tighter control to adhere to scope budget & improve schedule
*No mark-ups on subcontracts
- owner is responsible for changes
- owner pushed for early decisions
- need upfront program
44
Design Negotiate Build
*Hybrid of Design/Build & Traditional Design-Bid-Build
*Controls cost by getting cost for defined scope of work
*Architect completes preliminary design, builder completes construction documents
*One point of responsibility for final construction
*Have firm price early in the process
*Save time & cost over traditional design build
- Management required by owner
- potential conflicts between designer & builder
- comprise quality to meet budget
45
Integrated Project Delivery
*One contract –owner, architect & contractor together
*Goal of spread liability, responsibility, & reward
*Emphasis on teamwork & collaboration
*All contracted participants are available to the owner before the project breaks ground
*Incentives help align design & construction team goals
- expensive to implement
- time consuming
- assumption that teams can work together
46
Milestone Chart
Simplified timeline of project deadlines with their corresponding tasks. Provides ease of preparation.
47
Gantt Chart (Bar Chart)
More complex chart specifying project phases start to finish. Horizontal Bars.
48
Critical Path Method
Used in very complex projects to schedule construction sequences.
49
Fixed Price or Lump Sum
The contractor agrees to provide a specified amount of work (known as the scope of work) for a specific sum.
- value is agreed upon before work starts
50
Cost plus a fee
The contractor is reimbursed for their costs and receives a agreed upon fee. A GMP (guaranteed maximum price) may be added to the contract. The contractor may share in savings if provided in the contract. If the contract amount goes over the contractor is responsible for the overage.
51
Time & Materials
Specific labor rates are agreed to and charged out based on the work accomplished. Materials are reimbursed with an appropriate mark-up.
52
Unit Price or Rate
The owner and contractor agree on the price to be charged per unit for the major elements of the project.
53
Uniformat
Classification of building elements and systems that have a bearing on cost.
- developed in the 70's
- expanded in the 90's by the National Institute of Standards & Technology
54
CSI Masterformat
Classification of building materials developed by the construction specification institute.
- originally 16 divisions with 5 digit numbers
- 2004: 50 divisions with 6 digit numbers
55
3 Types of Estimating Methods
- Area Volume
- Elemental Estimate
- Quantity Survey Method
56
Area/Volume Estimation
Assigns a per sf or cubic ft cost to general types of structure types.
- site location
- building type
- regional avg construction costs
-level of finish
- area/volume
57
Elemental Estimation
Product based cost model, utilizes cost rates for assembly types and subsystems.
- building function
-unit count
- regional average construction costs
58
Quantity Survey Estimation
Most time consuming but most accurate, actual cost of materials and assembly needed are calculated separately.
- building systems
-shell
-interiors
-MEP
- furnishing
- sitework
- construction/demolition
59
RFQ
Request for Qualifications
- Clients seeking an architect based on their qualifications (experience with similar clients, project types, etc.)
- More often the first step in the Architect selection process with a proposal to follow after selection based on qualifications.
60
RFP
Request For Proposal
- Clients seeking an architect based on cost as well as qualifications.
- Cover letter, Project Team, Firm Background, Qualifications of personelle, Schedule deliverables, Fee Schedule, References
61
What does Program Development Include?
1. Researching the project
2. Identifying project goals
3. Gather & analyze information
4. diagram process & relationships
5. Establish quantitative results
6. Synthesize the program
62
What does space efficiency & area modifications include
unassigned areas of circulation, mechanical, structure & walls, janitor closets, and unassigned storage
63
What are the steps of the permitting process?
1. Research the parcel/lot
2. understand the limitations for that property
3. Check code and zoning definitions
4. draw limitations on the site plan
5. request special permit, variance, or slope protection ordinance if needed
64
What are some restrictive covenants in zoning?
- min setback lines
- min home size
- # of bedrooms
- building height/width/placement
- construction materials/type/style
- Property use
- animals allowed
- signage allowed
65
What are positive covenants in zoning?
- owner must maintain fence
- must contribute maintenance of shared driveway
- maintain neat & tidy front yard
66
What are typical zoning restrictions?
- Type of structure
- lot size & frontage
- setbacks
- building height & stories
- percentage lot coverage
- # of parking spaces
- parking dimensions
67
What are ways to make changes to zoning?
- "by right" already approved in language
- variances
- special exceptions
- amendments
- zoning change
68
What are environmental regulations to a project?
- wetlands, natural habitats, storm water, exhaust systems
- toxic compounds
69
What are the Building Codes?
International Building Code (all 50 states) to provide for public welfare
- National fire protection associations (life safety, plumbing, mechanical)
National Association of Home Builders
70
What do the building codes determine?
1. occupancy
2. thresholds & fire areas
3. type of construction allowed
4. means of egress & travel distances
5. building systems
71
ADA & MAAB
Americans with Disabilities Act/Mass Architectural Access Board
72
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers
73
ASTM
American Society for Testing & Materials
74
BOMA
Building Owners and Managers Association
75
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
76
What is Project Management
Project Management is the process of leading the work of a team to achieve goals and meet success criteria at a specific time.
77
Project Manager Responsibilities
- Deliver client expectations
- accomplish tasks
- taking charge
- sell the service
- meeting contractual obligations
- defining deliverables & services
- team selection & structure
- Fee types and profitability
78
Stipulated Sum Fee Type
Calculates a fixed project fee based on the project type & size, level of services, regional multipliers, and consultant fees
79
Hourly Fee Type
A fee based on predefined hourly rates, often used when services are not defined
80
Task Method Fee Type
Making a fee based on hourly rates and hours spent on the phase or tasks
81
What are the elements of a contract?
- description of the project
- architects responsibilities & scope of services
- compensation for basic services & additional services
82
Describe Workers Compensation
- insurance that pays workers who become injured or disabled due to their job. The employee waives the right to sue their employer
83
What does a Business Owners Policy Cover
- bodily injuries
- damage of property
- protects companies from common lawsuits
84
Professional Liability Insurance
insurance that protects business from claims of negligence and malpractice, providing the insureds are named.
85
Standard of Care
The Architect shall perform its services as expeditiously as is consistent with such professional skill and care and the orderly progress of the Project
86
Betterment
An improvement put upon a property which enhances its value more than mere replacement, maintenance, or repairs.
87
What are the stages of dispute resolution in order?
1. negotiation
2. mediation
3. arbitration
4. litigation
88
Negotiation
a more formal dispute resolution between the architect and disputee.
89
Mediation
Mediation is a process in which a neutral third party facilitates communication between the disputants to assist them in reaching a mutually acceptable agreement.
90
Arbitration
Arbitration is the process where the parties voluntarily submit their disputes for resolution by an impartial third party instead of a judicial court process.
91
Litigation
Litigation (ie. a judicial court proceeding) is the default resolution option. It is time consuming, expensive, distracting, public and can last several years.
92
What do the letters in the AIA document series stand for?
A - agreements between owner & contractor
B - Agreements between owner & architect
C- Other agreements
D - Misc. Forms
E - Exhibits
F - Reserved for future use
G - Forms for contract admin and project management
93
What are the typical documents for owner/contractor agreements
A101-2007
A101-2017
94
What is the contract series for the owner/architect agreement?
B-series
95
What is the document series for other agreements?
C-series
96
What document series is used for contract admin & project management forms?
G-series
97
How many types of specifications are there and what are they?
3, General, Products, Execution
