Final Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
Repeating the essence of a previous research study to verify whether its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called
A
Replication
2
Q
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of
A
Behavior and mental processes
3
Q
Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes
A
Freudian psychology
4
Q
A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called
A
Naturalistic observation
5
Q
The early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the minds components was called
A
Structuralism
6
Q
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as
A
Behaviorism
7
Q
Which of the following is true for those assigned to the control group
A
The experimental treatment is absent
8
Q
The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the _____ group
A
Experimental
9
Q
Gyri and sulci are the ____ and ____, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain
A
Folds; grooves
10
Q
The occipital lobes are to ____ as the temporal lobes are to ____
A
Seeing; hearing
11
Q
The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50% of the time is called the
A
Absolute threshold
12
Q
Dendrites are branching extensions of
A
Neurons
13
Q
The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called
A
Transduction
14
Q
The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called
A
Neurotransmitters
15
Q
Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce
A
Epileptic seizures
16
Q
Bottom-up processing involved analysis that begins with the
A
Sensory receptors
17
Q
The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the
A
Iris
18
Q
Rods are
A
More light sensitive and less color sensitive than cones are
19
Q
A time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately
A
Locating sounds
20
Q
Which types of receptor cells determine the wavelength of light
A
Cones
21
Q
Depressants are drugs such as
A
Barbiturates and opiates
22
Q
______ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion
A
Hypnosis
23
Q
Characteristics that are generally transferred from parents to their offspring are said to be a product of
A
Heredity
24
Q
Which part of your brain is essential for receiving information that you are moving your legs?
A
Somatosensory cortex
25
Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the
Axon
26
A synapse is a
Junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron
27
Endorphins are
Neurotransmitters
28
Sensory adaptation refers to
Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus
29
Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense
Smell
30
The corpus callosum is a wide band of axon fibers that
Transmit information between the cerebral hemispheres
31
The eardrum vibration transmitted by three tiny bones located in the
Middle ear
32
Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of
Consciousness
33
in which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep
Sleep apnea
34
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the
Threshold
35
Perception is the process by which
Sensory input is organized and interpreted
36
Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs are called ____ twins
Fraternal
37
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called
Top-down processing
38
Consciousness is defined as
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
39
The two major divisions of the nervous system are called the central and the ____ nervous systems
Peripheral
40
Circadian rhythm refers to
A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle
41
The blind spot is located in the area of the retina
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye
42
Identical twins originate from the fertilization of
A single egg by a single sperm cell
43
After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of
LSD
44
The ____ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration
Sympathetic
45
The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called
Closure
46
The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of
Tolerance
47
The perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings is called
Figure-ground perception
48
An axon is
The extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body
49
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs nurture debate
Environment and culture
50
Older adults who feel satisfied when reflecting on their lives demonstrate what Erikson called a sense of
Integrity
51
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
The difficulty of perceiving things from another person's point of view
52
One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is
Alcohol
53
According Piaget, accommodation refers to
Adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences
54
Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic
Male facial hair
55
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his own need. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this
Secure
56
According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to
Reason abstractly
57
A teratogen is a
Substance that can cross the placenta barrier and harm an unborn child
58
Which psychologists was just influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development
Jean Piaget
59
Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for
Intimacy
60
Developmental psychologist study physical, cognitive, and ______ changes throughout the human life span
Psychosocial
61
According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the
Adolescent
62
According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents _____ morality
Preconventional
63
Parents who are demanding yet are sensitively responsive to their children are said to be
Authoritative
64
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity is called their
Temperament
65
Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ____ stage
Sensorimotor
66
Interpreting new experiments in terms of schemas is called
Assimilation
67
Object permanence is the understanding that
Things continue to exist even when they are not perceived
68
The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as _____
The critical period
69
According to ____, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved
Erik Erickson
70
After age 65, most people attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is primary developmental task of this stage?
Integrity vs despair
71
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America
Authoritative
72
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organization begins as a
Zygote and finally develops into a fetus
73
Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of
Moral reasoning
74
Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mother's suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with
Body contact
75
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing is called
Puberty
76
Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental _____
Milestones
77
According to Piaget, children come up understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage
Concrete operational
78
According to Piaget, schematas are
Concepts (metal models) that are used to help us cause and interpret information
79
The process of getting information out of memory is called
Retrieval
80
What is confirmation bias?
Focusing on information that confirms your existing belief
81
_____ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities
Primary
82
Psychologists use _____ when giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing age groups
Norming
83
Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears
May be produced through classical conditioning
84
The experience of memory loss is called
Amnesia
85
Positive reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding.
Increase; increase
86
Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?
Alfred Binet
87
Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a _____ concept
Natural
88
Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates
Generalization
89
Paul and Micheal sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1 for every five calls he makes, whole Micheal is paid $1 for every subscription he sells regardless of how many calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a _______ schedule whereas Michael's in reinforced on a ______ schedule
Fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
90
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes she is able to help care for sick people, work long hours, she dispenses advice about illness because her ____ scheme suggests that nurses behave this way.
Role
91
Correlation studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ______ increased rates of violent behavior
Predicts
92
Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity
Long-term memory
93
The distribution of intelligence test scores on the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called a
Normal curve
94
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on _____, because you are comparing the information in front of your to that which is already stored in your long-term memory
Recognition
95
Chunking refers to
The organization of information into meaningful units
96
___ involves learning information that you previously learned
Relearning
97
A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ______ memory
Long-term
98
Language refers to the
Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning
99
The practicing of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called _____
Standardization
100
A child's learned fear at the sight at the of a hypodermic is a ______
Conditioned response
101
Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies _____ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory
Logical-mathmatical
102
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for
Functional fixedness
103
The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ______ intelligence
Fluid
104
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed, at the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. Employee have learned to work very hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ____ schedule
Fixed-interval
105
The process of encoding refers to
Getting information into memory
106
5 year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, she finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
Shaping
107
Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Cognition
108
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
Classical conditioning
109
A Skinner Box is a
Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
110
Sweating on hot weather is a ____ response
Unconditioned
111
Psychologists define learning as the process of
Acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
112
When we use the word automobile to refer to any category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a
Concept
113
After a fear-provoking biking accident, Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a date biking trail every day for a week. The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when Alex rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates
Spontaneous recovery
114
In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences
Operant conditioning
115
An algorithm is a
Methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems
116
In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ____ intelligence and ____ intelligence are often combined into a single type: Emotional intelligence
Interpersonal; intrapersonal
117
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one which a response is reinforced only after a
Specified number of responses have been made
118
A prototype is a
Best example of a particular category
119
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
To experience emotion is too be aware of it physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event
120
The process by which one's physiological defence system becomes less efficient at fighting illness is called _____ and this process is enhanced by elevated stress
Immunosuppression
121
The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and _______
Transcendental meditation
122
According to the ____ theory of emotions, one's physical arousal precedes the cognitive experience of a feeling
James-Lange
123
Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back to
Homeostasis
124
The set point is
The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time
125
The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
126
The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are
Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion
127
Without any conscious effort, your _____ prepared you to fight or flee from dangerous situations
Sympathetic nervous system
128
Psychologists define stress as
The process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events
129
Coping refers to a variety of methods used to
Alleviate stress
130
Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ______ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Esteem
131
Motivation is defined by psychologist as
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal
132
According to three separate surveys, administered in 1983, 2006, and 2009, which statement about the relationship between ages and sex is the most accurate
Women report experiencing more stress than men
133
Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent the ______ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Physiological
134
The basis component of emotion are
Expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience
135
Who is the best example of a Type A personality
Philip, a competitive, hot tempered corporation leader
136
An instinctive behavior is one that is
Unlearned
137
Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it?
Kinsey
138
Homeostasis, which is the goal drive of reduction, is defined as:
The body's tenancy to maintain a constant internal state
139
An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a
Drive
140
The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the
Body's response to prolonged stress
141
Jeff, who is 14, engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least 4 hours every day because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best university teams in the country. His goal/behavior best illustrates the concept of
Achievement motivation
142
Jade hears a rattle. When she turned around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This is called the _____ response
Fight or flight
143
Psychoneuroimmunology is most broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural, and endocrine systems together affect the
Immune system
144
Anasophia binges on chocolates, then makes herself vomit so that she won't retain any of the calories she just ate. When she is not doing this she regularly abused laxatives in the hope that she will not absorb calories and gain weight. Anasophia has a normal body size, but had great fear of gaining weight. She is likely suffering from ______
Bulimia nervosa
145
Carmen had plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now, she feels she needs to find a soulmate, or even a close friend or two, with whom she can share her life. According to Maslow, she is now motivated by
Belongingness and love needs
146
Who is the best example of a Type B personality
Wang Lung, a relaxed easy going dentist
147
Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?
Parasympathetic
148
Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, funds a pink slip indicating he has been fired. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing?
Alarm reaction
149
____ is the kind of stress that exceeds optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating
Distress
150
Which of the following psychologists has played a leadership role in the recent development of positive psychology
Martin Seligman
151
For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce
A drive
152
Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior
Babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee
153
Resistance to stress is greatest during _______ of the GAS
Phase 2
154
In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her distorted ways of thinking and self-defeating actions by helping get learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
155
Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make them taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails?
Aversive conditioning
156
What is a social role?
A pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
157
A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by
A continuous state is tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal
158
Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoided most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from
A phobia
159
_____ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and accompanied by disturbances in behaviors
Anxiety
160
The fundamental attribution error refers to it tenancy to underestimate the impact of _____ and to overestimate the impact of _____ in explaining the behavior of others
Situational influence; personal dispositions
161
According to psychoanalytic theory the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification is
Id
162
Trait theorists are more concerned with ______ personality, than with ______ b it
Describing; explaining
163
Mr. Hunt believes that he is the president of the US where he will soon become the "Kind of the Universe." Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from
Delusions
164
The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to
Meaningless inkblots
165
Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by
A lack of guilt feelings
166
On the advice of her therapist, Thora decided to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a hierarchy of stimuli related to her phobia. Which form of therapy is she using
Systemic desensitization
167
Transference refers to a client's
Expression towards a therapist of feelings with a genuine concern for others
168
Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of
Role-playing on attitudes
169
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the
Ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized
170
In which disorder to people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild optimism?
Bipolar disorder
171
If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ______
Often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
172
According to Freud, the part personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the
Superego
173
What is comorbidity
The co-occurence of two disorders
174
Which neo-freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development
Carl Jung
175
Wilma is extremely agitated because she hears voices that tell her to security seduce the male nurses in hospital ward. Wilma is most clearly suffering from
Hallucinations
176
According to Milgram, the fundamental lesson to be learned from the study of obedience is that
Even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction
177
The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistant carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrates the symptoms of
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
178
Symptoms of PTSD include all of the following except
Psychical complaints that cannot be explained medically
179
Henry is juror number 4 in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one who thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ____ effect
Asch
180
Which clarification system is used by most mental health professionals in the USA
Diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders
181
Solomon Asch reported that individuals confirmed to a groups judgement of the length of lines
Even when group judgement was clearly incorrect
182
A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is
Free association
183
The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
Cognitive dissonance
184
According to Freud, the unconscious is
The thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware
185
In comparison to generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder is characterized by periods of distress that are
More intense, and less prolonged
